Distributed logical L3 routing

ABSTRACT

A novel method for configuring first and second managed forwarding elements to perform logical L 2  switching and L 3  routing is described. The method generates a first set of flow entries for configuring the first managed forwarding element to perform logical L 2  ingress processing and L 3  routing processing. The method generates a second set of flow entries for configuring the second managed forwarding element to performing logical L 2  egress processing.

CLAIM OF BENEFIT TO PRIOR APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application61/524,754, filed Aug. 17, 2011, to U.S. Provisional Patent Application61/643,339, filed May 6, 2012, to U.S. Provisional Patent Application61/654,121, filed Jun. 1, 2012, and to U.S. Provisional PatentApplication 61/666,876, filed Jul. 1, 2012. U.S. Provisional PatentApplications 61/524,754, 61/643,339, 61/654,121, and 61/666,876 areincorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND

Many current enterprises have large and sophisticated networkscomprising switches, hubs, routers, servers, workstations and othernetworked devices, which support a variety of connections, applicationsand systems. The increased sophistication of computer networking,including virtual machine migration, dynamic workloads, multi-tenancy,and customer specific quality of service and security configurationsrequire a better paradigm for network control. Networks havetraditionally been managed through low-level configuration of individualcomponents. Network configurations often depend on the underlyingnetwork: for example, blocking a user's access with an access controllist (“ACL”) entry requires knowing the user's current IP address. Morecomplicated tasks require more extensive network knowledge: forcingguest users' port 80 traffic to traverse an HTTP proxy requires knowingthe current network topology and the location of each guest. Thisprocess is of increased difficulty where the network switching elementsare shared across multiple users.

In response, there is a growing movement towards a new network controlparadigm called Software-Defined Networking (SDN). In the SDN paradigm,a network controller, running on one or more servers in a network,controls, maintains, and implements control logic that governs theforwarding behavior of shared network switching elements on a per userbasis. Making network management decisions often requires knowledge ofthe network state. To facilitate management decision-making, the networkcontroller creates and maintains a view of the network state andprovides an application programming interface upon which managementapplications may access a view of the network state.

Some of the primary goals of maintaining large networks (including bothdatacenters and enterprise networks) are scalability, mobility, andmulti-tenancy. Many approaches taken to address one of these goalsresults in hampering at least one of the others. For instance, one caneasily provide network mobility for virtual machines within an L2domain, but L2 domains cannot scale to large sizes. Furthermore,retaining user isolation greatly complicates mobility. As such, improvedsolutions that can satisfy the scalability, mobility, and multi-tenancygoals are needed.

BRIEF SUMMARY

Some embodiments in some cases model logical routing as an act ofinterconnecting two or more logical datapath (LDP) sets operating in L2domains by a logical router that implements a logical datapath set(LDPS) operating in an L3 domain. A packet traversing from a logical L2domain to another will take the following four steps in someembodiments. These four steps are described below in terms of thelogical processing operations that the network control systemimplements. However, it is to be understood that these operations areperformed by the managed switching elements of the network based on thephysical control plane data that is produced by the network controlsystem.

First, the packet will be processed through an L2 table pipeline of theoriginating logical L2 domain. The pipeline will conclude with thedestination media access control (MAC) address being forwarded to alogical port attached to a logical port of a logical router.

Second, the packet will be processed though a logical router's L3datapath, again by sending it through this router's L3 table pipeline.The L2 lookup stage common in physical routers is skipped in therouter's L3 datapath in some embodiments, as the logical router willonly receive packets requiring routing.

In some embodiments, the L3 forwarding decision will use the prefix(forwarding information base (FIB) entries that are provisioned by thelogical control plane of the logical router. In some embodiments, acontrol application is used to receive the logical control plane data,and to convert this data to logical forwarding plane data that is thensupplied to the network control system. For the L3 forwarding decision,some embodiments use the prefix FIB entries to implement longest prefixmatching.

As a result, the L3 router will forward the packet to the logical portthat is “connected” to the destination L2 LDPS. Before forwarding thepacket further to that LDPS, the L3 router will change the originatingMAC address to one that is defined in its domain as well as resolve thedestination IP address to a destination MAC address. The resolution isexecuted by the last “IP output” stage of the L3 data pipeline in someembodiments. The same pipeline will decrement TTL and update thechecksum (and respond with ICMP if TTL goes to zero).

It should be noted that some embodiments rewrite the MAC address beforefeeding the processed packet to the next LDPS, because without thisrewriting a different forwarding decision could result at the next LDPS.It should also be noted that even though traditional routers execute theresolution of the destination IP address using Address ResolutionProtocol (ARP), some embodiments do not employ ARP for this purpose inthe L3 logical router because as long as the next-hop is a logical L2datapath, this resolution remains internal to the virtualizationapplication.

Third, the packet will be processed through an L2 table pipeline of thedestination logical L2 domain. The destination L2 table pipelinedetermines the logical egress port along which it should send thepacket. In case of an unknown MAC address, this pipeline would resolvethe MAC address location by relying on some distributed lookupmechanism. In some embodiments, the managed switching elements rely on aMAC learning algorithm, e.g., they flood the unknown packets. In theseor other embodiments, the MAC address location information can also beobtained by other mechanisms, for instance out-of-band. If such amechanism is available in some embodiments, the last logical L2 tablepipeline uses this mechanism to obtain the MAC address location.

Fourth, the packet gets sent to the logical port attached to thephysical port representing the logical port attachment. At this stage,if the port is point-to-point media (e.g., virtual network interface,VIF), there's nothing left to do but to send the packet to the port.However, if the last LDPS was an L3 router and hence the attachment is aphysical L3 subnet, the attachment point, in some embodiments, resolvesthe destination IP address by using ARP before sending the packet out.In that case, the source MAC address would be egress specific and notthe logical MAC interface address in case of a VIF. In otherembodiments, resolving the destination IP address by using ARP isperformed during the second step by the L3 logical router.

In the example above, there's only a single logical routerinterconnecting logical L2 datapaths, but nothing limits the topologies.One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that more LDP sets canbe interconnected for richer topologies.

In some embodiments, the control application allows an L3 specificlogical state to be defined in terms of one or more tables that specifya logical L3 pipeline. The corresponding logical control plane managingthe LDPS pipeline can either rely on static route configuration, or peerwith other LDP sets over a standard routing protocol.

In some embodiments, the virtualization application defines the physicalrealization of the above-described, four-step L2/L3 packet processinginto physical control plane data, which when translated into physicalforwarding data by the managed switching elements, effectuates asequence of logical pipeline executions that are all or predominantlyperformed at the first-hop, managed edge switching element. In order tomaintain the locality of the physical traffic, the first-hop executesthe series of pipelines (with all state required) and directly sends thetraffic towards the ultimate egress location in the physical network.When short cut tunnels are used, the virtualization applicationinterconnects logical L2 datapaths with logical L3 datapaths byextending the short-cut tunnel mesh beyond a single LDPS to a union ofports of all the interconnected LDP sets. When everything is executed atthe first-hop, the first-hop elements typically have access to all thestates of the logical network through which the packet traverses.

The preceding Summary is intended to serve as a brief introduction tosome embodiments of the invention. It is not meant to be an introductionor overview of all inventive subject matter disclosed in this document.The Detailed Description that follows and the Drawings that are referredto in the Detailed Description will further describe the embodimentsdescribed in the Summary as well as other embodiments. Accordingly, tounderstand all the embodiments described by this document, a full reviewof the Summary, Detailed Description and the Drawings is needed.Moreover, the claimed subject matters are not to be limited by theillustrative details in the Summary, Detailed Description and theDrawing, but rather are to be defined by the appended claims, becausethe claimed subject matters can be embodied in other specific formswithout departing from the spirit of the subject matters.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The novel features of the invention are set forth in the appendedclaims. However, for purpose of explanation, several embodiments of theinvention are set forth in the following figures.

FIG. 1 conceptually illustrates a network architecture of someembodiments.

FIG. 2 conceptually illustrates a processing pipeline of someembodiments for processing network data through logical switches andlogical routers.

FIG. 3 conceptually illustrates a network architecture in which alogical router is implemented in a single L3 router.

FIG. 4 conceptually illustrates a network architecture in which alogical router is implemented in a managed switching element.

FIG. 5 conceptually illustrates a network architecture in which a routeris implemented in a distributed manner such that each of several managedswitching elements routes packets at L3.

FIG. 6 conceptually illustrates an example implementation of the logicalprocessing pipeline described above by reference to FIG. 2.

FIG. 7 conceptually illustrates the logical processing pipeline of someembodiments for processing a packet through a logical switch, a logicalrouter, and a logical switch.

FIG. 8 conceptually illustrates an example network architecture of someembodiments which implements a logical router and logical switches.

FIG. 9 conceptually illustrates an example network architecture of someembodiments which implements the logical router and logical switches.

FIG. 10 conceptually illustrates an example network architecture of someembodiments which implements the logical router and logical switches.

FIG. 11 conceptually illustrates an example architecture of a host ofsome embodiments that includes a managed switching element and a L3.

FIG. 12 conceptually illustrates an example implementation of logicalswitches and logical routers in managed switching elements and L3routers.

FIGS. 13A-13C conceptually illustrate an example operation of logicalswitches, a logical router implemented in managed switching elements anda L3 router described above by reference to FIG. 12.

FIG. 14 conceptually illustrates a process that some embodiments performto forward a packet to determine to which managed switching element tosend a packet.

FIG. 15 conceptually illustrates the host as described above byreference to FIG. 8.

FIG. 16 conceptually illustrates a process that some embodiments use todirectly forward a packet from a first L3 router to a second L3 routerwhen the first and the second L3 routers are implemented in the samehost.

FIG. 17 conceptually illustrates an example implementation of thelogical processing pipeline described above by reference to FIG. 2.

FIG. 18 conceptually illustrates a logical processing pipeline of someembodiments for processing a packet through a logical switch, a logicalrouter, and another logical switch.

FIG. 19 conceptually illustrates an example network architecture of someembodiments which implements a logical router and logical switches.

FIG. 20 conceptually illustrates an example network architecture of someembodiments which implements a logical router and logical switches.

FIG. 21 conceptually illustrates an example network architecture of someembodiments which implements a logical router and logical switches.

FIG. 22 conceptually illustrates an example architecture of a host ofsome embodiments that includes a managed switching element thatimplements a logical router based on flow entries.

FIG. 23 conceptually illustrates an example implementation of logicalswitches and logical routers in managed switching elements.

FIG. 24 conceptually illustrates an example operation of logicalswitches, a logical router, and managed switching elements describedabove by reference to FIG. 23.

FIG. 25 conceptually illustrates an example implementation of a logicalprocessing pipeline described above by reference to FIG. 2.

FIG. 26 conceptually illustrates a logical processing pipeline of someembodiments for processing a packet through a logical switch, a logicalrouter, and another logical switch.

FIG. 27 conceptually illustrates an example network architecture of someembodiments which implements a logical router and logical switches.

FIG. 28 conceptually illustrates an example network architecture of someembodiments which implements a logical router and logical switches.

FIG. 29 conceptually illustrates an example of a first-hop switchingelement that performs all of L2 and L3 processing on a received packetto forward and route.

FIGS. 30A-30B conceptually illustrate an example operation of logicalswitches, a logical router, and managed switching elements describedabove by reference to FIG. 29.

FIG. 31 conceptually illustrates an example software architecture of ahost on which a managed switching element runs.

FIG. 32 conceptually illustrates a process that some embodiments performto translate network addresses.

FIG. 33 conceptually illustrates that a first-hop switching element ofsome embodiments performs the entire logical processing pipelineincluding the NAT operation.

FIG. 34 conceptually illustrates an example that a managed switchingelement does not perform a logical processing pipeline when sending areturning packet to a managed switching element.

FIG. 35 conceptually illustrates a process that some embodiments performto send a packet to a destination machine whose address is NAT'ed.

FIG. 36 illustrates an example of migrating NAT state from a first hostto a second host as a VM migrates from the first host to the secondhost.

FIG. 37 illustrates another example of migrating NAT state from a firsthost to a second host as a VM migrates from the first host to the secondhost.

FIG. 38 illustrates an example physical implementation of logicalswitches and a logical router that performs load balancing.

FIG. 39 illustrates another example physical implementation of logicalswitches and a logical router that performs load balancing.

FIG. 40 illustrates yet another example physical implementation oflogical switches and a logical router that performs load balancing.

FIG. 41 conceptually illustrates a load balancing daemon that balancesload among the machines that collectively provides a service (e.g., webservice).

FIG. 42 illustrates a DHCP daemon that provides DHCP service todifferent logical networks for different users.

FIG. 43 illustrates a central DHCP daemon and several local DHCPdaemons.

FIG. 44 conceptually illustrates an example of performing some logicalprocessing at the last hop switching element.

FIGS. 45A-45B conceptually illustrate an example operation of logicalswitches, a logical router, and managed switching elements describedabove by reference to FIG. 44.

FIG. 46 conceptually illustrates an example of performing some logicalprocessing at the last hop switching element.

FIGS. 47A-47B conceptually illustrate an example operation of logicalswitches, a logical router, and managed switching elements describedabove by reference to FIG. 46.

FIG. 48 conceptually illustrates an example software architecture of ahost on which a managed switching element runs.

FIG. 49 conceptually illustrates a process that some embodiments performto resolve network addresses.

FIG. 50 illustrates a map server that allows several hosts (or VMs) thateach run an L3 daemon to avoid broadcasting ARP requests.

FIG. 51 illustrates a process that some embodiments perform to maintaina mapping table that includes mappings of IP and MAC addresses.

FIG. 52 illustrates a process that some embodiments perform to maintaina mapping table that includes mappings of IP and MAC addresses.

FIG. 53 conceptually illustrates a controller instance of someembodiments generate flows by performing table mapping operations ontables using a table mapping processor (not shown) such as an nLog.

FIG. 54 illustrates an example architecture and a user interface.

FIG. 55 illustrates tables before a stage described above by referenceto FIG. 54.

FIG. 56 illustrates tables after the user supplies a logical port'sidentifier, an IP address to associate with the port, and a net mask toadd the logical port to the logical router.

FIG. 57 illustrates a result of a set of table mapping operations.

FIG. 58 illustrates a result of a set of table mapping operations.

FIG. 59 illustrates tables after the stage described above by referenceto FIG. 54.

FIG. 60 illustrates a result of a set of table mapping operations.

FIG. 61 illustrates a result of a set of table mapping operations.

FIG. 62 illustrates new rows added to some of the tables after stagesdescribed above by reference to FIG. 61.

FIG. 63 illustrates a architecture after a control application generateslogical data by performing a table mapping operations as described aboveby reference to FIGS. 55-62.

FIG. 64 conceptually illustrates an electronic system with which someembodiments of the invention are implemented.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Some embodiments of the invention provide a network control system thatallows logical datapath (LDP) sets (e.g., logical networks) to beimplemented by switching elements of a physical network. To implementLDP sets, the network control system of some embodiments generatesphysical control plane data from logical forwarding plane data. Thephysical control plane data is then pushed to the managed switchingelements, where it is typically converted into physical forwarding planedata that allows the managed switching elements to perform theirforwarding decisions. Based on the physical forwarding data, the managedswitching elements can process data packets in accordance with thelogical processing rules specified within the physical control planedata.

A single logical datapath set provides switching fabric to interconnecta number of logical ports, which can be either attached to physical orvirtual endpoints. In some embodiments, the creation and use of such LDPsets and logical ports provides a logical service model that correspondsto a virtual local area network (VLAN). This model, in some embodiments,limits the operations of the network control system to defining onlylogical L2 switching capabilities. However, other embodiments extend theoperations of the network control system to both the logical L2switching capabilities and the logical L3 switching capabilities.

The network control system of some embodiments supports the followinglogical L3 switching capabilities.

-   -   Logical routing. Instead of performing just L2 switching for        packets, the network control system of some embodiments also        defines the physical control plane data to direct the managed        switching elements to forward packets based on Internet Protocol        (IP) addresses when crossing L2 broadcast domains (IP subnets).        Such logical L3 routing resolves the scalability issues of L2        networks.    -   Gateway virtualization. Instead of interfacing with external        networks by using a purely L2 interface, the network control        system of some embodiments can use an IP interface to interact        with external networks. In some embodiments, the network control        system defines such an IP interface by defining a single logical        gateway even when multiple physical egress and ingress points to        and from the external networks exist. Accordingly, some        embodiments interface with external IP networks by using gateway        virtualization.    -   Network Address Translation. An entire L3 subnet may be network        address translated (NAT'ed). In some embodiments, the logical        network uses private addresses and exposes only NAT'ed IP        addresses for external networks. Moreover, in some embodiments,        the subnets of the logical network interconnect over NATs or use        destination NAT'ing to implement fine-grained application level        routing decisions.    -   Stateful filtering. Similar to NAT'ing, some embodiments isolate        subnets from the external network by using stateful access        control lists (ACLs). Also, some embodiments place ACLs between        the logical subnets.    -   Load-balancing. In some cases, the logical network is used to        provide services. For these and other cases, the network control        system provides virtual IP addresses for the application        clusters. In some embodiments, the network control system        specifies load-balancing operations that enable spreading        incoming application traffic over a set of logical IP addresses.    -   DHCP. While a virtual machine (VM) can be set up to provide        dynamic IP address allocation services within the logical        network, a service provider may prefer more efficient        realization of the dynamic host configuration protocol (DHCP)        service at the infrastructure level. Accordingly, the network        control system of some embodiments provides an efficient        realization of the DHCP service at the infrastructure level.

The design for each of these L3 features will be described below.Implementation-wise the features are largely orthogonal, so one ofordinary skill will realize that these features do not all have to beoffered by a network control system of some embodiments. Beforedescribing the features further, several assumptions should bementioned. These assumptions are as follows.

-   -   Large networks. Logical L3 networks spanning multiple L2        networks will be larger than the logical L2 networks. Some        embodiments solve logical L3 problems for server clusters as        large as 10K servers by using a map-reduce distributed        processing technique.    -   Physical traffic non-locality. Logical subnets within a data        center may exchange significant traffic within the data center.        Some embodiments preserve the traffic locality to the extent        that this is possible. In the above-mentioned map-reduce        example, the traffic has no locality in terms of endpoints.    -   Logical traffic locality. There is indeed locality when it comes        to the traffic exchanged between the logical subnets. In other        words, not every logical network has clients for the map-reduce        cluster mentioned above.    -   Placement of the functionalities. As mentioned in U.S. patent        application Ser. No. 13/177,535, which is incorporated herein by        reference, the managed switching elements, in some embodiments,        are (1) edge switching elements of a physical network (i.e.,        switching elements that have direct connections with the virtual        or physical computing devices connected by the physical        network), and (2) non-edge switching elements that are inserted        in the managed-switching element hierarchy to simplify and/or        facilitate the operation of the controlled edge switching        elements. As further described in U.S. patent application Ser.        No. 13/177,535, the edge switching elements include, in some        embodiments, (1) switching elements that have direct connections        with the virtual or physical computing devices connected by the        network, and (2) integration elements (called extenders) that        connect a first managed portion of the network to a second        managed portion of the network (e.g., a portion in a different        physical location than the first managed portion), or to an        unmanaged portion of the network (e.g., to the internal network        of an enterprise). Some embodiments perform the logical L3        routing ideally at the first managed edge switching element,        i.e., at the first-hop edge switching element, which may be        implemented in the hypervisor that also hosts the virtual        machines interconnected by the physical network. Ideally, the        first-hop switching element performs all or most of the L3        routing because the network control system of some embodiments        can then consider the non-edge switching elements (internal        network) as nothing but a fabric for interconnecting the        devices.

Some of the embodiments described below are implemented in a noveldistributed network control system that is formed by one or morecontrollers (also called controller instances below) for managing one ormore shared forwarding elements. The shared forwarding elements in someembodiments can include virtual or physical network switches, softwareswitches (e.g., Open vSwitch), routers, and/or other switching devices,as well as any other network elements (such as load balancers, etc.)that establish connections between these switches, routers, and/or otherswitching devices. Such forwarding elements (e.g., physical switches orrouters) are also referred to below as switching elements. In contrastto an off the shelf switch, a software forwarding element is a switchthat in some embodiments is formed by storing its switching table(s) andlogic in the memory of a standalone device (e.g., a standalonecomputer), while in other embodiments, it is a switch that is formed bystoring its switching table(s) and logic in the memory of a device(e.g., a computer) that also executes a hypervisor and one or morevirtual machines on top of that hypervisor.

In some embodiments, the controller instances allow the system to acceptlogical datapath sets from users and to configure the switching elementsto implement these logical datapath sets. In some embodiments, one typeof controller instance is a device (e.g., a general-purpose computer)that executes one or more modules that transform the user input from alogical control plane to a logical forwarding plane, and then transformthe logical forwarding plane data to physical control plane data. Thesemodules in some embodiments include a control module and avirtualization module. A control module allows a user to specify andpopulate logical datapath set, while a virtualization module implementsthe specified logical datapath set by mapping the logical datapath setonto the physical switching infrastructure. In some embodiments, thecontrol and virtualization applications are two separate applications,while in other embodiments they are part of the same application.

From the logical forwarding plane data for a particular logical datapathset, the virtualization module of some embodiments generates universalphysical control plane (UPCP) data that is generic for any managedswitching element that implements the logical datapath set. In someembodiments, this virtualization module is part of a controller instancethat is a master controller for the particular logical datapath set.This controller is referred to as the logical controller.

In some embodiments, the UPCP data is then converted to customizedphysical control plane (CPCP) data for each particular managed switchingelement by a controller instance that is a master physical controllerinstance for the particular managed switching element, or by a chassiscontroller for the particular managed switching element, as furtherdescribed in concurrently filed U.S. patent application **, entitled“Chassis Controller,” and having the Attorney Docket No. NCRA.P0081;this concurrently filed U.S. patent application is incorporated hereinby reference. When the chassis controller generates the CPCP data, thechassis controller obtains the UPCP data from the virtualization moduleof the logical controller through the physical controller.

Irrespective of whether the physical controller or chassis controllergenerate the CPCP data, the CPCP data for a particular managed switchingelement needs to be propagated to the managed switching element. In someembodiments, the CPCP data is propagated through a network informationbase (NIB) data structure, which in some embodiments is anobject-oriented data structure. Several examples of using the NIB datastructure are described in U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 13/177,529and 13/177,533, which are incorporated herein by reference. As describedin these applications, the NIB data structure is also used in someembodiments to may serve as a communication medium between differentcontroller instances, and to store data regarding the logical datapathsets (e.g., logical switching elements) and/or the managed switchingelements that implement these logical datapath sets.

However, other embodiments do not use the NIB data structure topropagate CPCP data from the physical controllers or chassis controllersto the managed switching elements, to communicate between controllerinstances, and to store data regarding the logical datapath sets and/ormanaged switching elements. For instance, in some embodiments, thephysical controllers and/or chassis controllers communicate with themanaged switching elements through OpenFlow entries and updates over theconfiguration protocol. Also, in some embodiments, the controllerinstances use one or more direct communication channels (e.g., RPCcalls) to exchange data. In addition, in some embodiments, thecontroller instances (e.g., the control and virtualization modules ofthese instance) express the logical and/or physical data in terms ofrecords that are written into the relational database data structure. Insome embodiments, this relational database data structure are part ofthe input and output tables of a table mapping engine (called nLog) thatis used to implement one or more modules of the controller instances.

I. Logical Routing

Some embodiments in some cases model logical routing as an act ofinterconnecting two or more LDP sets operating in L2 domains by alogical router that implements a LDPS operating in an L3 domain. Apacket traversing from a logical L2 domain to another will take thefollowing four steps in some embodiments. These four steps are describedbelow in terms of the logical processing operations that the networkcontrol system implements. However, it is to be understood that theseoperations are performed by the managed switching elements of thenetwork based on the physical control plane data that is produced by thenetwork control system.

First, the packet will be processed through an L2 table pipeline of theoriginating logical L2 domain. The pipeline will conclude with thedestination media access control (MAC) address being forwarded to alogical port attached to a logical port of a logical router.

Second, the packet will be processed though a logical router's L3datapath, again by sending it through this router's L3 table pipeline.The L2 lookup stage common in physical routers is skipped in therouter's L3 datapath in some embodiments, as the logical router willonly receive packets requiring routing.

In some embodiments, the L3 forwarding decision will use the prefix(forwarding information base (FIB) entries that are provisioned by thelogical control plane of the logical router. In some embodiments, acontrol application is used to receive the logical control plane data,and to convert this data to logical forwarding plane data that is thensupplied to the network control system. For the L3 forwarding decision,some embodiments use the prefix FIB entries to implement longest prefixmatching.

As a result, the L3 router will forward the packet to the logical portthat is “connected” to the destination L2 LDPS. Before forwarding thepacket further to that LDPS, the L3 router will change the originatingMAC address to one that is defined in its domain as well as resolve thedestination IP address to a destination MAC address. The resolution isexecuted by the last “IP output” stage of the L3 data pipeline in someembodiments. The same pipeline will decrement TTL and update thechecksum (and respond with ICMP if TTL goes to zero).

It should be noted that some embodiments rewrite the MAC address beforefeeding the processed packet to the next LDPS, because without thisrewriting a different forwarding decision could result at the next LDPS.It should also be noted that even though traditional routers execute theresolution of the destination IP address using ARP, some embodiments donot employ ARP for this purpose in the L3 logical router because as longas the next-hop is a logical L2 datapath, this resolution remainsinternal to the virtualization application.

Third, the packet will be processed through an L2 table pipeline of thedestination logical L2 domain. The destination L2 table pipelinedetermines the logical egress port along which it should send thepacket. In case of an unknown MAC address, this pipeline would resolvethe MAC address location by relying on some distributed lookupmechanism. In some embodiments, the managed switching elements rely on aMAC learning algorithm, e.g., they flood the unknown packets. In theseor other embodiments, the MAC address location information can also beobtained by other mechanisms, for instance out-of-band. If such amechanism is available in some embodiments, the last logical L2 tablepipeline uses this mechanism to obtain the MAC address location.

Fourth, the packet gets sent to the logical port attached to thephysical port representing the logical port attachment. At this stage,if the port is point-to-point media (e.g., virtual network interface,VIF), there's nothing left to do but to send the packet to the port.However, if the last LDPS was an L3 router and hence the attachment is aphysical L3 subnet, the attachment point, in some embodiments, resolvesthe destination IP address by using ARP before sending the packet out.In that case, the source MAC address would be egress specific and notthe logical MAC interface address in case of a VIF. In otherembodiments, resolving the destination IP address by using ARP isperformed during the second step by the L3 logical router.

In the example above, there's only a single logical routerinterconnecting logical L2 datapaths, but nothing limits the topologies.One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that more LDP sets canbe interconnected for richer topologies.

In some embodiments, the control application allows an L3 specificlogical state to be defined in terms of one or more tables that specifya logical L3 pipeline. The corresponding logical control plane managingthe LDPS pipeline can either rely on static route configuration, or peerwith other LDP sets over a standard routing protocol.

In some embodiments, the virtualization application defines the physicalrealization of the above-described, four-step L2/L3 packet processinginto physical control plane data, which when translated into physicalforwarding data by the managed switching elements, effectuates asequence of logical pipeline executions that are all or predominantlyperformed at the first-hop, managed edge switching element. In order tomaintain the locality of the physical traffic, the first-hop executesthe series of pipelines (with all state required) and directly sends thetraffic towards the ultimate egress location in the physical network.When short cut tunnels are used, the virtualization applicationinterconnects logical L2 datapaths with logical L3 datapaths byextending the short-cut tunnel mesh beyond a single LDPS to a union ofports of all the interconnected LDP sets.

When everything is executed at the first-hop, the first-hop elementstypically have access to all the states of the logical network throughwhich the packet traverses. The dissemination (and its scalingimplications) of the state for the execution of the logical pipelines atthe first-hop switching element is described further below.

FIG. 1 conceptually illustrates a network architecture 100 of someembodiments. Specifically, this figure illustrates that a logical router105 routes packets between two LDP sets (e.g., logical networks) 150 and155. As shown, the network architecture 100 includes the logical router105, logical switches 110 and 115, and machines 120-145.

The logical switch 110 is a logical switch (or a logical switchingelement) described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/177,535. Thelogical switch 110 is implemented across several managed switchingelements (not shown). The logical switch 110 routes network trafficbetween the machines 120-130 at L2 (layer 2). That is, the logicalswitch 110 makes switching decisions to route network data at the datalink layer between the machines 120-130 based on one or more forwardingtables (not shown) that the logical switch 110 has. The logical switch110, along with several other logical switches (not shown), routes thenetwork traffic for the logical network 150. The logical switch 115 isanother logical switch. The logical switch 115 routes the trafficbetween machines 135-145 for the logical network 155.

A logical router in some embodiment routes traffic at L3 (layer3—network layer) between different logical networks. Specifically, thelogical router routes network traffic between two or more logicalswitches based on a set of routing tables. In some embodiments, alogical router is implemented in a single managed switching elementwhile in other embodiments a logical router is implemented in severaldifferent managed switching elements in a distributed manner. A logicalrouter of these different embodiments will be described in detailfurther below. The logical router 105 routes the network traffic at theL3 between the logical networks 150 and 155. Specifically, the logicalrouter 105 routes the network traffic between the two logical switches110 and 115.

The machines 120-145 are machines that are capable of exchanging datapackets. For instance, each machine 120-145 has a network interfacecontroller (NIC) so that applications that execute on the machine120-145 can exchange data between them through the logical switches 110and 115 and the logical router 105.

The logical networks 150 and 155 are different in that the machines ineach network use different L3 addresses. For instance, the logicalnetworks 150 and 155 are different IP subnets for two differentdepartments of a company.

In operation, the logical switches 110 and 115 and the logical router105 function like switches and routers. For instance, the logical switch110 routes data packets originating from one of the machines 120-130 andheading to another of the machines 120-130. When the logical switch 110in the logical network 150 receives a data packet that is destined forone of the machines 135-145 in the logical network 155, the logicalswitch 110 sends the packet to the logical router 105. The logicalrouter 105 then routes the packet, based on the information included inthe header of the packet, to the logical switch 115. The logical switch115 then routes the packet to one of the machines 135-145. Data packetsoriginating from one of the machines 135-145 are routed by the logicalswitches 110 and 115 and the logical router 105 in a similar manner.

FIG. 1 illustrates a single logical router that routes data between thetwo logical networks 150 and 155. One of ordinary skill in the art willrecognize that there could be more than one logical routers involved inrouting packets between two logical networks.

FIG. 2 conceptually illustrates a processing pipeline 200 of someembodiments for processing network data through logical switches andlogical routers. Specifically, the processing pipeline 200 includesthree stages 205-215 for processing a data packet through a logicalswitch 220, a logical router 225, and then a logical switch 230,respectively. This figure illustrates the logical router 225 and thelogical switches 220 and 230 in the top half of the figure and theprocessing pipeline 200 in the bottom half of the figure.

The logical router 225 is similar to the logical router 105 describedabove by reference to FIG. 1, in that the logical router 225 routes datapackets between the logical switches 220 and 220. The logical switches220 and 230 are similar to the logical switches 110 and 115. The logicalswitches 220 and 230 each forward the traffic at L2 for a logicalnetwork.

When the logical switch 220 receives a packet, the logical switch 220performs stage 205 (L2 processing) of the logical processing pipeline200 in order to forward the packet in one logical network. When thepacket is destined for another logical network, the logical switch 220forwards the packet to the logical router 225. The logical router 225then performs stage 210 (L3 processing) of the logical processingpipeline 200 on the packet in order to route the data at L3. The logicalrouter 225 sends this packet to another logical router (not shown) or,if the logical router 225 is coupled to the logical switch 230, thelogical router 225 sends the packet to the logical switch 230 that wouldsend the packet directly to the destination machine of the packet. Thelogical switch 230, which directly sends the packet to the packet'sdestination, performs stage 215 (L2 processing) of the logicalprocessing pipeline 200 in order to forward the packet to the packet'sdestination.

In some embodiments, logical switches and logical routers areimplemented by a set of managed switching elements (not shown). Thesemanaged switching elements of some embodiments implement the logicalswitches and logical routers by performing a logical processing pipelinesuch as the logical processing pipeline 200. The managed switchingelements of some embodiments perform the logical processing pipelinesbased on flow entries in the managed switching elements. The flowentries (not shown) in the managed switching elements are configured bythe network control system of some embodiments. More details of thelogical processing pipeline 200 will be described further below.

The next three figures, FIGS. 3, 4, and 5 conceptually illustratesseveral implementations of logical switches and logical routers of someembodiments. FIGS. 3 and 4 illustrates two different implementations ofcentralized L3 routing while FIG. 5 illustrates a distributed L3routing.

FIG. 3 conceptually illustrates a network architecture 300.Specifically, FIG. 3 illustrates that the logical router 225 isimplemented in a single L3 router 360 (e.g., a hardware router or asoftware router). The L3 router 360 routes the packets for differentlogical networks each of which includes several logical switchesimplemented in several different managed switching elements. This figureis horizontally divided into a left half and a right half that representlogical and physical implementations, respectively. This figure is alsovertically divided into a bottom half and a top half that representlayer 2 and layer 3, respectively. FIG. 3 illustrates the networkarchitecture 300 includes the L3 router 360 and managed switchingelements 305, 310, 315, and 320. This figure also illustrates that eachof the logical switches 220 and 230 is logically coupled to three VMs.

The L3 router 360 implements the logical router 225. The L3 router 360routes packets between different logical networks that include logicalswitches 220 and 230. The L3 router 360 routes the packets according toL3 entries 335 that specify the manner in which the packets should berouted at L3. For instance, the L3 entries of some embodiments areentries (e.g., routes) in routing tables that specify that a packet thathas a destination IP address that falls in a particular range of IPaddresses should be sent out through a particular logical port of thelogical router 225. In some embodiments, the logical ports of thelogical router 225 are mapped to the ports of the L3 router and thelogical router 225 generates the L3 entries based on the mappings.Mapping ports of a logical router to an L3 router that implements thelogical router will be described further below.

The managed switching elements 305-320 of some embodiments implementlogical switches in a distributed manner. That is, a logical switch inthese embodiments may be implemented across one or more of the managedswitching elements 305-320. For instance, the logical switch 220 may beimplemented across the managed switching elements 305, 310, and 315 andthe logical switch 230 may be implemented across the managed switchingelements 305, 315 and 320. The six VMs 362-374 logically coupled to thelogical switches 220 and 230 are coupled to the managed switchingelements 310-320 as shown.

The managed switching elements 305-320 of some embodiments each forwardsthe packets according to L2 flow entries that specify the manner inwhich the packets should be forwarded at L2. For instance, the L2 flowentries may specify that a packet that has a particular destination MACaddress should be sent out through a particular logical port of thelogical switch. Each of the managed switching elements 305-320 has a setof L2 flow entries 340 (Flow entries 340 for switching elements 305-315are not depicted for simplicity). The L2 flow entries for each managedswitching elements are configured in the managed switching element bythe controller cluster. Configuring managed switching elements byconfiguring L2 flows entries for the managed switching elements will bedescribed in detail further below.

The managed switching element 305 of some embodiments is a second-levelmanaged switching element. A second-level managed switching element is amanaged non-edge switching element, which, in contrast to an managededge switching element, does not send and receive packets directly toand from the machines. A second-level managed switching elementfacilitates packet exchanges between non-edge managed switching elementsand edge managed switching elements. A pool node and an extender, whichare described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/177,535, are alsosecond-level managed switching elements. The managed switching element305 of some embodiments functions as an extender. That is, the managedswitching element 305 communicatively bridges remote managed networks(not shown) that are separated by one or more other networks (notshown).

The managed switching element 305 of some embodiments is communicativelycoupled to the L3 router 360. When there are packets that need to berouted at L3, the managed switching elements 310-320 send the packets tothe managed switching element 305 so that the L3 router 360 routes thepackets at L3. More details about a centralized logical router that isimplemented in an L3 router will be described further below by referenceto FIGS. 6-16.

FIG. 4 conceptually illustrates a network architecture 400.Specifically, FIG. 4 illustrates that the logical router 225 isimplemented in a managed switching element 410. In contrast to thenetwork architecture 300 in which the L3 router 360 routes the packetsat L3, the managed switching element 410 routes packets at L3 in thenetwork architecture 400. This figure is horizontally divided into aleft half and a right half that represent logical and physicalimplementations, respectively. This figure is also vertically dividedinto a bottom half and a top half that represent layer 2 and layer 3,respectively.

The network architecture 400 is similar to the network architecture 300except that the network architecture 400 does not include the L3 router360. The managed switching element 410 implements the logical router225. That is, the managed switching element 410 routes packets betweendifferent logical networks that include logical switches 220 and 230.The managed switching element 410 of some embodiments routes the packetsaccording to L3 entries 405 that specify the manner in which the packetsshould be routed at L3. However, in contrast to the L3 entries 335 ofsome embodiments, the L3 entries 405 are not entries for routing tables.Rather, the L3 entries 405 are flow entries. As described in U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 13/177,535, a flow entry includes a qualifier andan action while the entries in routing tables are just lookup tables forfinding the next hops for the packets. Also, the L3 flow entries mayspecify the manner in which to generate entries in the routing tables(not shown).

In addition to implementing a centralized logical router, the managedswitching element 410 of some embodiments implements one or more logicalswitches that are implemented across several managed switching elements.The managed switching element 410 therefore has its own set of L2 flowentries 340 (not depicted). In the architecture 400, the managedswitching elements 410 and 310-320 together implement the logicalswitches 220 and 230 in a distributed manner.

The managed switching element 410 of some embodiments thus implementsboth a centralized logical router and logical switches. In otherembodiments, implementation of a centralized logical router and logicalswitches may be separated into two or more managed switching elements.For instance, one managed switching element (not shown) may implement acentralized logical router using flow entries and another managedswitching element (not shown) may implement logical switches based onflow entries in a distributed manner. More details about a centralizedlogical router that is implemented in a managed switching element basedon flow entries will be described further below by reference to FIGS.17-24.

FIG. 5 conceptually illustrates a network architecture 500.Specifically, FIG. 5 illustrates that the logical router 225 isimplemented in a distributed manner such that each of several managedswitching elements routes packets at L3. FIG. 5 illustrates that thenetwork architecture 500 includes four managed switching elements505-520.

The managed switching elements 505-520 implement a logical router andseveral logical switches for several different logical networks. Each ofthe managed switching elements 505-520 of some embodiments is an edgeswitching element. That is, the managed switching element has one ormore machines that are coupled to the managed switching element. Themachines that are coupled to the managed switching elements are alsologically coupled to the logical switches. The machines that are coupledto a managed switching element may or may not be logically coupled tothe same logical switch.

Each of the managed switching elements 505-520 implements at least onelogical router and at least one logical switch that will route andforward packets to and from the machines coupled to the managedswitching element. In other words, when the managed switching elementreceives a packet from the machines coupled to the managed switchingelement, the managed switching element makes both logical forwardingdecisions and logical routing decisions. Each of the managed switchingelements 505-520 makes the logical forwarding and routing decisionsaccording to the L2 entries and L3 entries in the logical flow entries550. The logical flow entries 550 include a set of L2 flow entries 530and a set of L3 flow entries 535. More details about a distributedlogical router will be described further below by reference to FIGS.25-30B.

FIGS. 6-16 illustrate a centralized logical router implemented in arouter. FIG. 6 conceptually illustrates an example implementation of thelogical processing pipeline 200 described above by reference to FIG. 2.FIG. 6 illustrates a network architecture 600. In the networkarchitecture 600, the logical processing pipeline 200 is performed bythree managed switching elements 615, 620, and 625 and an L3 router 635.In particular, the L2 processing 205 and the L2 processing 215 areperformed in a distributed manner across managed switching elements 615,620, and 625. The L3 processing 210 is performed by the L3 router 635.FIG. 6 also illustrates source machine 610 and destination machine 630.

The managed switching element 615 is an edge switching element thatdirectly receives the packets from a machine coupled to the edgeswitching element. The managed switching element 615 receives packetsfrom the source machine 610. When the managed switching element 615receives a packet from the source machine 610, the managed switchingelement 615 performs a portion of the L2 processing 205 on the packet inorder to logically forward the packet.

There may be one or more managed switching elements (not shown) betweenthe managed switching element 615 and the managed switching element 620.These managed switching elements have network constructs (e.g., PIFs,VIFs, etc.) to which the logical constructs (e.g., logical ports) of thelogical switch 220 (not shown in FIG. 6) are mapped.

When the packet is headed to the destination machine 630, which is inanother logical network, the packet is forwarded to the managedswitching element 620. The managed switching element 620 then performsthe rest of the L2 processing 205 and sends the packet to an L3 router635, which implements a centralized logical router (not shown).

Similar to L3 router 360 described above by reference to FIG. 3, the L3router 635 is a hardware router or a software router of which the portsare mapped to the ports of a logical router. The L3 router 635 performsthe L3 processing 210 on the packet in order to logically route thepacket. That is, the L3 router 635 sends the packet to another logicalrouter (not shown) or to the managed switching element 620.

The managed switching element 620 is a second-level managed switchingelement that functions as an extender in some embodiments. The managedswitching element 620 receives a packet from the L3 router 635 andstarts performing the L2 processing 215 of the logical processingpipeline 200. There may be one of more managed switching elements (notshown) between the managed switching element 620 and the managedswitching element 625. These managed switching elements have networkconstructs to which the logical constructs of the logical switch 230(not shown in FIG. 6) are mapped.

The managed switching element 625 in the example receives the packetfrom the managed switching element 620. The managed switching element625 performs the rest of the L2 processing 215 on the packet in order tologically forward the packet. In this example, the managed switchingelement 625 is also the switching element that directly sends the packetto the destination machine 630. However, there may be one or moremanaged switching elements (not shown) between the managed switchingelement 625 and the destination machine 630. These managed switchingelements have network constructs to which the logical constructs of thelogical switch 230 (not shown in FIG. 6) are mapped.

Although the L2 processing 205 and the L2 processing 215 are performedin a distributed manner in this example, the L2 processing 205 and theL2 processing 215 do not have to be performed in a distributed manner.For instance, the managed switching element 615 may perform the entireL2 processing 205 and the managed switching element 625 may perform theentire L2 processing 215. In such case, the managed switching element620 would just relay the packets between the L3 router and the managedswitching elements 615 and 625.

FIG. 7 conceptually illustrates the logical processing pipeline 200 ofsome embodiments for processing a packet through the logical switch 220,the logical router 225, and the logical switch 230. Specifically, thisfigure illustrates the logical processing pipeline 200 when performed inthe network architecture 600 described above by reference to FIG. 6. Asdescribed above, in the network architecture 600, the L2 processing 205,the L3 processing 210, and the L2 processing 215 are performed by themanaged switching elements 615, 620, and 625 and the L3 router 635.

The L2 processing 205, in some embodiments, includes eight stages705-740 for processing a packet through the logical switch 220 (notshown in FIG. 7) in a logical network (not shown) that is implementedacross the managed switching elements 615 and 620. In some embodiments,the managed switching element 615 that receives the packet performs aportion of the L2 processing 205 when the managed switching element 615receives the packet. The managed switching element 620 then performs therest of the L2 processing 205.

In some embodiments, a packet includes a header and a payload. Theheader includes, in some embodiments, a set of fields that containsinformation used for routing the packet through a network. Logicalswitches and logical routers may determine switching/routing decisionsbased on the information contained in the header fields and may, in somecases, modify some or all of the header fields.

In the stage 705 of the L2 processing 205, ingress context mapping isperformed on the packet to determine the logical context of the packet.In some embodiments, the stage 705 is performed when the logical switch220 receives the packet (e.g., the packet is initially received by themanaged switching element 615). A logical context, in some embodiments,represents the state of the packet with respect to the logical switch.The logical context may, for example, specify the logical switch towhich the packet belongs, the logical port of the logical switch throughwhich the packet was received, the logical port of the logical switchthrough which the packet is to be transmitted, the stage of the logicalforwarding plane of the logical switch the packet is at, etc.

Some embodiments determine the logical context of a packet based on thesource MAC address of the packet (i.e., the machine from which thepacket was sent). Some embodiments perform the logical context lookupbased on the source MAC address of the packet and the inport (i.e.,ingress port) of the packet (i.e., the port of the managed switchingelement 615 through which the packet was received). Other embodimentsmay use other fields in the packet's header (e.g., MPLS header, VLAN id,etc.) for determining the logical context of the packet.

After the first stage 705 is performed, some embodiments store theinformation that represents the logical context in one or more fields ofthe packet's header. These fields may also be referred to as a logicalcontext tag or a logical context ID. Furthermore, the logical contexttag may coincide with one or more known header fields (e.g., the VLAN idfield) in some embodiments. As such, these embodiments do not utilizethe known header field or its accompanying features in the manner thatthe header field is defined to be used. Alternatively, some embodimentsstore the information that represents the logical context as metadatathat is associated with (instead of stored in the packet itself) andpassed along with the packet.

In some embodiments, the second stage 710 is defined for the logicalswitch 220. In some such embodiments, the stage 710 operates on thepacket's logical context to determine ingress access control of thepacket with respect to the logical switch. For example, an ingress ACLis applied to the packet to control the packet's access to the logicalswitch when the logical switch receives the packet. Based on the ingressACL defined for the logical switch, the packet may be further processed(e.g., by the stage 715) or the packet may be dropped, for example.

In the third stage 715 of the L2 processing 205, an L2 forwarding isperformed on the packet in the context of the logical switch. In someembodiments, the third stage 715 operates on the packet's logicalcontext to process and forward the packet with respect to the logicalswitch 220. For instance, some embodiments define a L2 forwarding tableor L2 forwarding entries for processing the packet at layer 2.

Moreover, when the packet's destination is in another logical network(i.e., when the packet's destination logical network is different thanthe logical network whose traffic is processed by the logical switch220), the logical switch 220 sends the packet to the logical router 225,which will then perform the L3 processing 210 in order to route thepacket to the destination logical network. Thus, at the third stage 715,the managed switching element 615 of some embodiments determines thatthe packet should be forwarded to the logical router 225 through alogical port (not shown) of the logical switch that is associated withthe logical router 225. In other embodiments, the managed switchingelement 615 does not necessarily determine whether the packet should beforwarded to the logical router 225. Rather, the packet would have anaddress of a port of the logical router 225 as a destination address andthe managed switching element 615 forwards this packet through thelogical port of the logical switch according to the destination address.

At the fourth stage 720, egress context mapping is performed to identifya physical result that corresponds to the result of the logicalforwarding of the packet. For example, the logical processing of thepacket may specify that the packet is to be sent out of one or morelogical ports (e.g., a logical egress port) of the logical switch 220.As such, the egress context mapping operation identifies a physicalport(s) of one or more of the managed switching elements (including themanaged switching elements 615 and 620) that corresponds to theparticular logical port of the logical switch 220. The managed switchingelement 615 determines that the physical port (e.g. a VIF) to which thelogical port determined at the previous stage 715 is mapped is a port(not shown) of the managed switching element 620.

The fifth stage 725 of the L2 processing 205 performs a physical mappingbased on the egress context mapping performed at the fourth stage 720.In some embodiments, the physical mapping determines operations forsending the packet towards the physical port that was determined in thefourth stage 720. For example, the physical mapping of some embodimentsdetermines one or more queues (not shown) associated with one or moreports of the set of ports (not shown) of the managed switching element615 that is performing the L2 processing 205 through which to send thepacket in order for the packet to reach the physical port(s) determinedin the fifth stage 725. This way, the managed switching elements canforward the packet along the correct path in the network for the packetto reach the determined physical port(s).

As shown, the sixth stage 730 of the L2 processing 205 is performed bythe managed switching element 620. The sixth stage 730 is similar to thefirst stage 705. The stage 730 is performed when the managed switchingelement 620 receives the packet. At the stage 730, the managed switchingelement 620 looks up the logical context of the packet and determinesthat L2 egress access control is left to be performed.

The seventh stage 735 of some embodiments is defined for the logicalswitch 220. The seventh stage 735 of some such embodiments operates onthe packet's logical context to determine egress access control of thepacket with respect to the logical switch. For instance, an egress ACLmay be applied to the packet to control the packet's access out of thelogical switch 220 after logical forwarding has been performed on thepacket. Based on the egress ACL defined for the logical switch, thepacket may be further processed (e.g., sent out of a logical port of thelogical switch or sent to a dispatch port for further processing) or thepacket may be dropped, for example.

The eighth stage 740 is similar to the fifth stage 725. At the eighthstage 740, the managed switching element 620 determines a specificphysical port (not shown) of the managed switching element 620 to whichthe logical egress port of the logical switch 220 is mapped.

The L3 processing 210 includes six stages 745-761 for processing apacket through the logical switch 220 (not shown in FIG. 7) that isimplemented by the L3 router 635. As mentioned above, L3 processinginvolves performing a set of logical routing lookups for determiningwhere to route the packet through a layer 3 network.

The first stage 745 performs a logical ingress ACL lookup fordetermining access control when the logical router 225 receives thepacket (i.e., when the L3 router 635 which implements the logical router225 receives the packet). The next stage 746 performs network addresstranslation (NAT) on the packet. In particular, the stage 746 performsdestination NAT (DNAT) to revert the destination address of the packetback to the real address of the destination machine that is hidden fromthe source machine of the packet. This stage 746 is performed when DNATis enabled.

The next stage 750 performs a logical L3 routing for determining one ormore logical ports to send the packet through the layer 3 network basedon the L3 addresses (e.g., destination IP address) of the packet androuting tables (e.g., containing L3 entries). Since the logical router225 is implemented by the L3 router 635, the routing tables areconfigured in the L3 router 635.

At the fourth stage 755, the L3 router 635 of some embodiments alsoperforms source NAT (SNAT) on the packet. For instance, the L3 router635 replaces the source IP address of the packet with a different IPaddress in order to hide the source IP address when the source NAT isenabled.

The fifth stage 760 performs logical L3 egress ACL lookups fordetermining access control before the logical router 225 routes thepacket out of the logical router 225 through the port determined in thestage 740. The L3 egress ACL lookups are performed based on the L3addresses (e.g., source and destination IP addresses) of the packet.

The sixth stage 761 performs address resolution in order to translatethe destination L3 address (e.g., a destination IP address) into adestination L2 address (e.g., a destination MAC address). In someembodiments, the L3 router 635 uses a standard address resolution (e.g.,by sending out ARP requests or looking up ARP cache) to find thedestination L2 address that corresponds to the destination IP address.

When the logical router 225 is not coupled to the destination logicalnetwork, the logical switch 220 sends the packet to another logicalrouter network towards the destination logical network. When the logicalrouter 225 is coupled to the destination logical network, the logicalswitch 220 routes the packet to the destination logical network (i.e.,the logical switch that forwards the packet for the destination logicalnetwork).

The L2 processing 215, in some embodiments, includes eight stages765-798 for processing the packet through the logical switch 230 inanother logical network (not shown in FIG. 7) that is implemented acrossthe managed switching elements 620 and 625. In some embodiments, themanaged switching element 625 in the managed network that receives thepacket performs the L2 processing 215 when the managed switching element625 receives the packet from the managed switching element 620. Thestages 765-798 are similar to the stage 705-740, respectively, exceptthat the stage 765-798 are performed by the logical switch 230 (i.e., bythe managed switching elements 620 and 625 that implement the logicalswitch 230). That is, the stages 765-798 are performed to forward thepacket received from the L3 router 635 to the destination through themanaged switching elements 620 and 625.

FIG. 8 conceptually illustrates an example network architecture 800 ofsome embodiments which implements the logical router 225 and logicalswitches 220 and 230. Specifically, the network architecture 800represents a physical network that effectuate logical networks whosedata packets are switched and/or routed by the logical router 225 andthe logical switches 220 and 230. The figure illustrates in the top halfof the figure the logical router 225 and the logical switches 220 and230. This figure illustrates in the bottom half of the figure an L3router 860. Also illustrated in the bottom half are a second-levelmanaged switching element 810, managed switching elements 815 and 820which are running in hosts 890, 880, and 885 (e.g., machines operated byoperating systems such as Windows™ and Linux™), respectively. The figureillustrates VMs 1-4 in both the top and the bottom of the figure.

In this example, the logical switch 220 forwards data packets betweenthe logical router 225, VM 1, and VM 2. The logical switch 230 forwardsdata packets between the logical router 225, VM 3, and VM 4. Asmentioned above, the logical router 225 routes data packets between thelogical switches 220 and 230 and possibly other logical routers andswitches (not shown). The logical switches 220 and 230 and the logicalrouter 225 are logically coupled through logical ports (not shown) andexchange packets through the logical ports. These logical ports aremapped to physical ports of the L3 router 860 and the managed switchingelements 810, 815 and 820.

In some embodiments, each of the logical switches 220 and 230 isimplemented across the managed switching elements 815 and 820 andpossibly other managed switching elements (not shown). In someembodiments, the logical router 225 is implemented in the L3 router 860which is communicatively coupled to the managed switching element 810.

In this example, the managed switching elements 810, 815 and 820 aresoftware switching elements running in hosts 890, 880 and 885,respectively. The managed switching elements 810, 815 and 820 have flowentries which implement the logical switches 220 and 230. Using theseflow entries, the managed switching elements 815 and 820 route networkdata (e.g., packets) between network elements in the network that arecoupled to the managed switching elements 810, 815 and 820. Forinstance, the managed switching element 815 routes network data betweenVMs 1 and 3, and the second-level managed switching element 810.Similarly, the managed switching element 820 routes network data betweenVMs 2 and 4, and the second-level managed switching element 810. Asshown, the managed switching elements 815 and 820 each have three ports(depicted as numbered squares) through which to exchange data packetswith the network elements that are coupled to the managed switchingelements 815 and 820.

The managed switching element 810 is similar to the managed switchingelement 305 described above by reference to FIG. 3 in that the managedswitching element 810 is a second-level managed switching element thatfunctions as an extender. The managed switching element 810 runs in thesame host as the L3 router 860, which in this example is a softwarerouter.

In some embodiments, tunnels are established by the network controlsystem (not shown) to facilitate communication between the networkelements. For instance, the managed switching element 810 is coupled tothe managed switching element 815, which runs in the host 880, through atunnel that terminates at port 2 of the managed switching element 815 asshown. Similarly, the managed switching element 810 is coupled to themanaged switching element 820 through a tunnel that terminates at port 1of the managed switching element 820.

Different types of tunneling protocols are supported in differentembodiments. Examples of tunneling protocols include control andprovisioning of wireless access points (CAPWAP), generic routeencapsulation (GRE), GRE Internet Protocol Security (IPsec), among othertypes of tunneling protocols.

In this example, each of the hosts 880 and 885 includes a managedswitching element and several VMs as shown. VMs 1-4 are virtual machinesthat are each assigned a set of network addresses (e.g., a MAC addressfor L2, an IP address for L3, etc.) and can send and receive networkdata to and from other network elements. The VMs are managed byhypervisors (not shown) running on the hosts 880 and 885.

Several example data exchanges through the network architecture 800 willnow be described. When VM 1 that is coupled to the logical switch 220sends a packet to VM 2 that is also coupled to the same logical switch220, the packet is first sent to the managed switching element 815. Themanaged switching element 815 then performs the L2 processing 205 on thepacket because the managed switching element 815 is the edge switchingelement that receives the packet from VM 1. The result of the L2processing 205 on this packet would indicate that the packet should besent to the managed switching element 820 to get to VM 2 through port 4of the managed switching element 820. Because VMs 1 and 2 are in thesame logical network and therefore L3 routing for the packet is notnecessary, no L3 processing needs to be performed on this packet. Thepacket is then sent to the managed switching element 820 via thesecond-level managed switching element 810 which is bridging between themanaged switching element 815 and the managed switching element 820. Thepacket reaches VM 2 through port 4 of the managed switching element 820.

When VM 1 that is coupled to the logical switch 220 sends a packet to VM3 that is coupled to the logical switch 230, the packet is first sent tothe managed switching element 815. The managed switching element 815performs a portion of L2 processing on the packet. However, because thepacket is sent from one logical network to another (i.e., the logical L3destination address of the packet is for another logical network), an L3processing needs to be performed on this packet.

The managed switching element 815 sends the packet to the second-levelmanaged switching element 810 so that the managed switching element 810performs the rest of the L2 processing on the packet to forward thepacket to the L3 router 860. The result of L3 processing performed atthe L3 router 860 would indicate that the packet should be sent back tothe managed switching element 810. The managed switching element 810then performs a portion of another L2 processing and forwards the packetreceived from the L3 router 860 back to the managed switching element815. The managed switching element 815 performs the L2 processing 215 onthe packet received from the managed switching element 810 and theresult of this L2 processing would indicate that the packet should besent to VM 3 through port 5 of the managed switching element 815.

When VM 1 that is coupled to the logical switch 220 sends a packet to VM4 that is coupled to the logical switch 230, the packet is first sent tothe managed switching element 815. The managed switching element 815performs the L2 processing 205 on the packet. However, because thepacket is sent from one logical network to another, an L3 processingneeds to be performed.

The managed switching element 815 sends the packet to the L3 router 860via the managed switching element 810 so that the L3 router 860 performsthe L3 processing 210 on the packet. The result of the L3 processing 210performed at the L3 router 860 would indicate that the packet should besent to the managed switching element 820. The managed switching element810 then performs a portion of L2 processing on the packet received fromthe managed switching element and the result of this L2 processing wouldindicate that the packet should be sent to VM 4 through the managedswitching element 820. The managed switching element 820 performs therest of the L2 processing to determine that the packet should be sent toVM 4 through port 5 of the managed switching element 820.

FIG. 9 conceptually illustrates an example network architecture 900 ofsome embodiments which implements the logical router 225 and logicalswitches 220 and 230. Specifically, the network architecture 900represents a physical network that effectuate logical networks whosedata packets are switched and/or routed by the logical router 225 andthe logical switches 220 and 230. The figure illustrates in the top halfof the figure the logical router 225 and the logical switches 220 and230. This figure illustrates in the bottom half of the figure the L3router 860. Also illustrated in the bottom half are a second-levelmanaged switching element 905, the second-level managed switchingelement 810, and managed switching elements 815 and 820 which arerunning in hosts 910, 890, 880, and 885, respectively. The figureillustrates VMs 1-4 in both the top and the bottom of the figure.

The network architecture 900 is similar to the network architecture 800except that the network architecture 900 additionally includes themanaged switching element 905 which runs in the host 910. The managedswitching element 905 of some embodiments is a second-level managedswitching element that functions as a pool node.

In some embodiments, tunnels are established by the network controlsystem (not shown) to facilitate communication between the networkelements. For instance, the managed switching element 815 in thisexample is coupled to the managed switching element 905, which runs inthe host 910, through a tunnel that terminates at port 1 of the managedswitching element 815 as shown. Similarly, the managed switching element820 is coupled to the managed switching element 905 through a tunnelthat terminates at port 2 of the managed switching elements 820. Also,the managed switching elements 905 and 810 are coupled through a tunnelas shown.

The logical router 225 and the logical switches 220 and 230 areimplemented in the L3 router 860 and the managed switching elements 810,815, and 820 as described by reference to FIG. 8 above, except that thesecond-level managed switching element 905 is involved in the datapacket exchange. That is, the managed switching elements 815 and 810exchange packets through the managed switching element 905.

FIG. 10 conceptually illustrates an example network architecture 1000 ofsome embodiments which implements the logical router 225 and logicalswitches 220 and 230. The network architecture 1000 is similar to thenetwork architecture 800 except that there is a tunnel establishedbetween the managed switching element 810 and the managed switchingelement 820. This figure illustrates that the network architecture 1000of some embodiments is a mixture of the network architecture 800 and thenetwork architecture 900. That is, some managed edge switching elementshave tunnels to a second-level managed switching element that is coupledto a centralized L3 router while other managed edge switching elementshave to go through a second-level managed switching element thatfunctions as a pool node in order to exchange packets with asecond-level managed switching element that is coupled to thecentralized L3 router.

FIG. 11 conceptually illustrates an example architecture of the host 890of some embodiments that includes the managed switching element 810 andthe L3 router 860 (not shown). Specifically, this figure illustratesthat the L3 router 860 is configured in a namespace 1120 of the host890. The host 890, in some embodiments, is a machine that is managed byan operating system (e.g., Linux) that is capable of creating namespacesand virtual machines. As shown, the host 890 in this example includes amanaged switching element 810, the namespace 1120, and a NIC 845. Thisfigure also illustrates a controller cluster 1105.

The controller cluster 1105 is a set of network controllers orcontroller instances that manage the network elements, including themanaged switching element 810. The managed switching element 810 in thisexample is a software switching element implemented in the host 890 thatincludes a user space 1112 and a kernel 1110. The managed switchingelement 810 includes a control daemon 1115 running in the user space1115; and controller patch 1130 and a bridge 1135 running in the kernel1110. The user space 1115 and the kernel 1110, in some embodiments, isof an operating system for the host 890 while in other embodiments theuser space 1115 and the kernel 1110 is of a virtual machine that isrunning on the host 890.

In some embodiments, the controller cluster 1105 communicates with acontrol daemon 1115 (e.g., by using OpenFlow protocol or anothercommunication protocol), which, in some embodiments, is an applicationrunning in the background of the user space 1112. The control daemon1115 communicates with the controller cluster 1105 in order to processand route packets that the managed switching element 810 receives.Specifically, the control daemon 1115, in some embodiments, receivesconfiguration information from the controller cluster 1105 andconfigures the controller patch 1130. For example, the control daemon1115 receives commands from the controller cluster 1105 regardingoperations for processing and routing packets that the managed switchingelement 810 receives.

The control daemon 1115 also receives configuration information for thecontroller patch 1130 to set up ports (not shown) connecting to thelogical router (not shown) implemented in the namespace 1120 such thatthe logical router populates the routing tables and other tables withappropriate entries.

The controller patch 1130 is a module that runs in the kernel 1110. Insome embodiments, the control daemon 1115 configures the controllerpatch 1130. When configured, the controller patch 1130 contains rules(e.g., flow entries) regarding processing and forwarding the packets toreceive. The controller patch 1130 of some embodiments also creates aset of ports (e.g., VIFs) to exchange packets with the namespace 1120.

The controller patch 1130 receives packets from a network stack 1150 ofthe kernel 1110 or from the bridge 1135. The controller patch 1130determines which namespace to which to send the packets based on therules regarding processing and routing the packets. The controller patch1130 also receives packets from the namespace 1120 and sends the packetsto the network stack 1150 or the bridge 1135 based on the rules. Moredetails about architecture of a managed switching element are describedin U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/177,535.

The namespace 1120 (e.g., Linux namespace) is a container created in thehost 890. The namespace 1120 can implement network stacks, networkdevices, network addresses, routing tables, network address translationtables, network caches, etc. (not all of these are shown in FIG. 11).The namespace 1120 thus can implement a logical router when thenamespace is configured to handle packets with logical source ordestination addresses. The namespace 1120 can be configured to handlesuch packets, for example, by configuring the routing tables 1155 of thenamespace. In some embodiments, the namespace 1120 populates the routingtables 1155 as the namespace 1120 connects to the managed switchingelement 810 and exchanges packets (i.e., dynamic routing). In otherembodiments, the controller cluster 1105 may directly configure therouting tables 1155 by populating the routing tables 1155 with routes.

Moreover, the namespace, in some embodiments, also performs networkaddress translation (NAT) on the packets that the namespaces route. Forinstance, when the namespace changes the source network address of thereceived packet into another network address (i.e., performs sourceNAT).

The bridge 1135 routes network data between the network stack 1150 andnetwork hosts external to the host (i.e., network data received throughthe NIC 1145). As shown, the bridge 1135 routes network data between thenetwork stack 1150 and the NIC 1145 and between the controller patch1130 and the NIC 1145. The bridge 1135 of some embodiments performsstandard L2 packet learning and routing.

The network stack 1150 can receive packets from network hosts externalto the managed switching element 810 through the NIC 1145. The networkstack 1150 then sends the packets to the controller patch 1130. In somecases, the packets are received from network hosts external to themanaged switching element through tunnels. In some embodiments, thetunnels terminate at the network stack 1150. Thus, when the networkstack 1150 receives a packet through a tunnel, the network stack 1150unwraps the tunnel header (i.e., decapsulates the payload) and sends theunwrapped packet to the controller patch 1130.

An example operation of the managed switching element 810 and thenamespace 1120 will now be described. In this example, tunnels areestablished between the managed switching element 810 and the managedswitching elements 815 and 820 (not shown in FIG. 11) that are externalto the host 890. That is, the managed switching elements 810, 815, and820 are connected through the tunnels as illustrated in FIG. 8. Thetunnels terminate at the network stack 1150.

The managed switching element 815 sends a packet, sent by VM1 to VM 4,to the managed switching element 810. The packet is received by the NIC1145 and then is sent to the bridge 1135. Based on the information inthe packet header, the bridge 1135 determines that the packet is sentover the established tunnel and sends the packet to the network stack1150. The network stack 1150 unwraps the tunnel header and sends theunwrapped packet to the controller patch 1130.

According to the rules that the controller patch 1130 has, thecontroller patch 1130 sends the packet to the namespace 1120 because thepacket is sent from one logical network to another logical network. Forinstance, the rules may say a packet with certain destination MACaddress should be sent to the namespace 1120. In some cases, thecontroller patch 1130 removes logical context from the packet beforesending the packet to the namespace. The namespace 1120 then performs anL3 processing on the packet to route the packet between the two logicalnetworks.

By performing the L3 processing, the namespace 1120 determines that thepacket should be sent to the controller patch 1130 because thedestination network layer address should go to a logical switch thatbelongs to the destination logical network. The controller patch 1130receives the packet and sends the packet through the network stack 1150,the bridge 1135, and the NIC 1145 over the tunnel to the managedswitching element 820 that implements the logical switch that belongs tothe destination logical network.

As described above, some embodiments implement the L3 router 860 in thenamespace 1120. Other embodiments, however, may implement the L3 router860 in a VM that runs on the host 890.

FIG. 12 conceptually illustrates an example implementation of logicalswitches and logical routers in managed switching elements and L3routers. Specifically, this figure illustrates implementation of thelogical router 225 and the logical switches 220 and 230 in the host 890,which includes the second-level managed switching element 810 and the L3router 860, and the managed switching elements 815 and 820. The figureillustrates in the left half of the figure, the logical router 225 andthe logical switches 220 and 230. This figure illustrates in the righthalf of the figure, the second-level managed switching element 810, andmanaged switching elements 815 and 820. The figure illustrates VMs 1-4in both the right and the left halves of the figure. For simplicity,this figure does not illustrate all the components of the managedswitching element, e.g., the network stack 1150.

The logical switches 220 and 230 and the logical router 225 arelogically coupled through logical ports. As shown, a logical port X ofthe logical switch 220 is coupled to the logical port 1 of the logicalrouter 225. Similarly, a logical port Y of the logical switch 230 iscoupled to the logical port 2 of the logical router 225. The logicalswitches 220 and 230 exchange data packets with the logical router 225through these logical ports. Also, in this example, the logical switch220 associates the logical port X with a MAC address 01:01:01:01:01:01which is a MAC address of the logical port 1 of the logical router 225.When the logical switch 220 receives a packet that needs an L3processing, the logical switch 220 sends the packet out to the logicalrouter 225 through port X. Similarly, the logical switch 230 associatesthe logical port Y with a MAC address 01:01:01:01:01:02 which is a MACaddress of the logical port 2 of the logical router 225. When thelogical switch 230 receives a packet that needs an L3 processing, thelogical switch 230 sends the packet out to the logical router 225through port Y.

In this example, the controller cluster 1105 (not shown in FIG. 12)configures the managed switching element 810 such that port 1 of themanaged switching element 810 is associated with the same MAC address,01:01:01:01:01:01, that is associated with port X of the logical switch220. Accordingly, when the managed switching element 810 receives apacket that has this MAC address as destination MAC address, the managedswitching element 810 sends the packet out to the L3 router 860(configured in the namespace 1120) through the port 1 of the managedswitching element 810. As such, port X of the logical switch 220 ismapped to port 1 of the managed switching element 810.

Similarly, port 2 of the managed switching element 810 is associatedwith the same MAC address, 01:01:01:01:01:02, that is associated withport Y of the logical switch 230. Accordingly, when the managedswitching element 810 receives a packet that has this MAC address asdestination MAC address, the managed switching element 810 sends thepacket out to the L3 router 860 through the port 2 of the managedswitching element 810. As such, port Y of the logical switch 230 ismapped to port 2 of the managed switching element 810.

In this example, the logical router 225 has logical ports 1 and 2 andother logical ports (not shown). Port 1 of the logical router 225 isassociated with an IP address 1.1.1.1/24, which represents a subnetbehind port 1. That is, when the logical router 225 receives a packet toroute and the packet has a destination IP address, e.g., 1.1.1.10, thelogical router 225 sends this packet towards the destination logicalnetwork (e.g., a logical subnet) through port 1.

Similarly, port 2 of the logical router 225 in this example isassociated with an IP address 1.1.2.1/24, which represents a subnetbehind port 2. The logical router 225 sends a packet with a destinationIP address, e.g., 1.1.2.10, to the destination logical network throughport 2.

In this example, the L3 router 860 implements the logical router 225 bypopulating the L3 router 860's routing tables (not shown) with routes.In some embodiments, the L3 router 860 populates its routing tables whenthe managed switching element 810 establishes connection with the L3router 860 and send a packet. For instance, when the L3 router receivesan initial packet from the managed switching element, the L3 router 860finds out that packets that have the initial packet's source address asdestination addresses should be sent to the managed switching element810. The L3 router may also perform a standard address resolution (e.g.,by sending out ARP requests) to find out where to send the initialpacket. The L3 router 860 will store these “routes” in the routingtables and look up these tables when making routing decisions for thepackets that the L3 router receives subsequently. Other L3 routers (notshown) may populate their routing tables in a similar manner.

In other embodiments, the controller cluster configures the routingtable of the L3 router 860 such that port 1 of the L3 router 860 isassociated with the same IP address that is associated with port 1 ofthe logical router 225. Similarly, port 2 of the L3 router 860 isassociated with the same IP address that is associated with port 2 ofthe logical router 225. In a similar manner, another logical switch (notshown) may be implemented in another L3 router (not shown) of themanaged switching element. In some of these embodiments, the controlcluster may employ one or more routing protocols to configure the L3router.

FIGS. 13A-13C conceptually illustrate an example operation of thelogical switches 220 and 230, the logical router 225 implemented in themanaged switching elements 810, 815 and 820 and the L3 router 860described above by reference to FIG. 12. Specifically, FIG. 13A-13Cillustrate how a packet sent from VM 1 to VM 4 reaches VM 4.

When VM 1 that is coupled to the logical switch 220 sends a packet 1330to VM 4 that is coupled to the logical switch 230, the packet is firstsent to the managed switching element 815 through port 4 of the managedswitching element 815. The managed switching element 815 performs an L2processing on the packet.

As shown in the top half of FIG. 13A, the managed switching element 815includes a forwarding table that includes rules (e.g., flow entries) forprocessing and forwarding the packet 1330. When the managed switchingelement 815 receives the packet 1330 from VM 1 through port 4 of themanaged switching element 815, the managed switching element 815 beginsprocessing the packet 1330 based on the forwarding tables of the managedswitching element 815. In this example, the packet 1330 has adestination IP address of 1.1.2.10, which is the IP address of VM 4. Thepacket 1330's source IP address is 1.1.1.10. The packet 1330 also has VM1's MAC address as a source MAC address and the MAC address of thelogical port 1 (i.e., 01:01:01:01:01:01) of the logical router 225 as adestination MAC addresses.

The managed switching element 815 identifies a record indicated by anencircled 1 (referred to as “record 1”) in the forwarding tables thatimplements the context mapping of the stage 1340. The record 1identifies the packet 1330's logical context based on the inport, whichis the port 4 through which the packet 1330 is received from VM 1. Inaddition, the record 1 specifies that the managed switching element 815store the logical context of the packet 1330 in a set of fields (e.g., aVLAN id field) of the packet 1330's header in some embodiments. In otherembodiments, the managed switching element 815 stores the logicalcontext (i.e., the logical switch to which the packet belongs as well asthe logical ingress port of that logical switch) in a register, or metafield, of the switch, rather than in the packet. The record 1 alsospecifies the packet 1330 be further processed by the forwarding tables(e.g., by sending the packet 1330 to a dispatch port). A dispatch portis described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/177,535.

Based on the logical context and/or other fields stored in the packet1330's header, the managed switching element 815 identifies a recordindicated by an encircled 2 (referred to as “record 2”) in theforwarding tables that implements the ingress ACL of the stage 1342. Inthis example, the record 2 allows the packet 1330 to be furtherprocessed (i.e., the packet 1330 can get through the ingress port of thelogical switch 220) and, thus, specifies the packet 1330 be furtherprocessed by the forwarding tables (e.g., by sending the packet 1330 toa dispatch port). In addition, the record 2 specifies that the managedswitching element 815 store the logical context (i.e., the packet 1330has been processed by the second stage 1342 of the processing pipeline1300) of the packet 1330 in the set of fields of the packet 1330'sheader.

Next, the managed switching element 815 identifies, based on the logicalcontext and/or other fields stored in the packet 1330's header, a recordindicated by an encircled 3 (referred to as “record 3”) in theforwarding tables that implements the logical L2 forwarding of the stage1344. The record 3 specifies that a packet with the MAC address of thelogical port 1 of the logical router 225 as a destination MAC address isto be sent to the logical port X of the logical switch 220.

The record 3 also specifies that the packet 1330 be further processed bythe forwarding tables (e.g., by sending the packet 1330 to a dispatchport). Also, the record 3 specifies that the managed switching element815 store the logical context (i.e., the packet 1330 has been processedby the third stage 1344 of the processing pipeline 1300) in the set offields of the packet 1330's header.

Based on the logical context and/or other fields stored in the packet1330's header, the managed switching element 815 identifies a recordindicated by an encircled 4 (referred to as “record 4”) in theforwarding tables that implements the context mapping of the stage 1346.In this example, the record 4 identifies port 1 of the managed switchingelement 810, to which port 1 of the L3 router 860 is coupled, as theport that corresponds to the logical port X of the logical switch 220 towhich the packet 1330 is to be forwarded. The record 4 additionallyspecifies that the packet 1330 be further processed by the forwardingtables (e.g., by sending the packet 1330 to a dispatch port).

Based on the logical context and/or other fields stored in the packet1330's header, the managed switching element 815 then identifies arecord indicated by an encircled 5 (referred to as “record 5”) in theforwarding tables that implements the physical mapping of the stage1348. The record 5 specifies that the packet 1330 is to be sent throughport 1 of the managed switching element 815 in order for the packet 1330to reach the managed switching element 810. In this case, the managedswitching element 815 is to send the packet 1330 out of the port 1 ofmanaged switching element 815 that is coupled to the managed switchingelement 810.

As shown in the bottom half of FIG. 13A, the managed switching element810 includes a forwarding table that includes rules (e.g., flow entries)for processing and routing the packet 1330. When the managed switchingelement 810 receives the packet 1330 from the managed switching element815, the managed switching element 810 begins processing the packet 1330based on the forwarding tables of the managed switching element 810. Themanaged switching element 810 identifies a record indicated by anencircled 1 (referred to as “record 1”) in the forwarding tables thatimplements the context mapping of the stage 1350. The record 1identifies the packet 1330's logical context based on the logicalcontext that is stored in the packet 1330's header. The logical contextspecifies that the packet 1330 has been processed by the second andthird stages 1342 and 1344, which were performed by the managedswitching element 815. As such, the record 1 specifies that the packet1330 be further processed by the forwarding tables (e.g., by sending thepacket 1330 to a dispatch port).

Next, the managed switching element 810 identifies, based on the logicalcontext and/or other fields stored in the packet 1330's header, a recordindicated by an encircled 2 (referred to as “record 2”) in theforwarding tables that implements the egress ACL of the stage 1352. Inthis example, the record 2 allows the packet 1330 to be furtherprocessed (e.g., the packet 1330 can get out of the logical switch 220through port “X” of the logical switch 220) and, thus, specifies thepacket 1330 be further processed by the forwarding tables (e.g., bysending the packet 1330 to a dispatch port). In addition, the record 2specifies that the managed switching element 810 store the logicalcontext (i.e., the packet 1330 has been processed by the stage 1352 ofthe processing pipeline 1300) of the packet 1330 in the set of fields ofthe packet 1330's header.

Next, the managed switching element 810 identifies, based on the logicalcontext and/or other fields stored in the packet 1330's header, a recordindicated by an encircled 3 (referred to as “record 3”) in theforwarding tables that implements the physical mapping of the stage1354. The record 3 specifies the port of the managed switching element810 through which the packet 1330 is to be sent in order for the packet1330 to reach the L3 router 860. In this case, the managed switchingelement 810 is to send the packet 1330 out of port 1 of managedswitching element 810 that is coupled to the port 1 of the L3 router860. In some embodiments, the managed switching element 810 removes thelogical context from the packet 1330 before sending the packet to the L3router 860.

As shown in the top half of FIG. 13B, the L3 router 860 includes aningress ACL table, a routing table, and an egress ACL table thatincludes entries for processing and routing the packet 1330. When the L3router 860 receives the packet 1330 from the managed switching element810, the L3 router 860 begins processing the packet 1330 based on thesetables of the L3 router 860. The L3 router 860 identifies an entryindicated by an encircled 1 (referred to as “entry 1”) in the ingressACL table that implements L3 ingress ACL by specifying that the L3router 860 should accept the packet based on the information in theheader of the packet 1330. The L3 router 860 then identifies an entryindicated by an encircled 2 (referred to as “entry 2”) in the routingtable that implements L3 routing 558 by specifying that the packet 1330with its destination IP address (i.e., 1.1.2.10) should be sent to thelogical switch 230 through port 2 of the logical router 225. The L3router 860 then identifies an entry indicated by an encircled 3(referred to as “entry 3”) in the egress ACL table that implements L3egress ACL by specifying that the L3 router 860 can send the packet outthrough port 2 of the logical router 225 based on the information in theheader of the packet 1330. Also, the L3 router 860 rewrites the sourceMAC address for the packet 1330 to the MAC address of port 2 of the L3router 860 (i.e., 01:01:01:01:01:02).

The L3 router 860 then performs an address resolution to translate thedestination IP address into the destination MAC address. In thisexample, the L3 router 860 looks up an ARP cache to find the destinationMAC address to which the destination IP address is mapped. The L3 router860 may send out ARP requests if the ARP cache does not have acorresponding MAC address for the destination IP address. Thedestination IP address would be resolved to the MAC address of VM 4. TheL3 router 860 then rewrites the destination MAC of the packet 1330 usingthe MAC address to which the destination IP address is resolved. The L3router 860 would send the packet 1330 to the logical switch 230 throughthe logical port 2 of the L3 router 860 based on the new destination MACaddress.

As shown in the bottom half of FIG. 13B, the managed switching element810 includes a forwarding table that includes rules (e.g., flow entries)for processing and forwarding the packet 1330. When the managedswitching element 810 receives the packet 1330 from the L3 router 860through port 2 of the managed switching element 810, the managedswitching element 810 begins processing the packet 1330 based on theforwarding tables of the managed switching element 810. The managedswitching element 810 identifies a record indicated by an encircled 4(referred to as “record 4”) in the forwarding tables that implements thecontext mapping of the stage 1362. The record 4 identifies the packet1330's logical context based on the inport, which is the port 2 throughwhich the packet 1330 is received from the L3 router 860. In addition,the record 4 specifies that the managed switching element 810 store thelogical context of the packet 1330 in a set of fields (e.g., a VLAN idfield) of the packet 1330's header. The record 4 also specifies thepacket 1330 be further processed by the forwarding tables (e.g., bysending the packet 1330 to a dispatch port).

Based on the logical context and/or other fields stored in the packet1330's header, the managed switching element 810 identifies a recordindicated by an encircled 5 (referred to as “record 5”) in theforwarding tables that implements the ingress ACL of the stage 1364. Inthis example, the record 5 allows the packet 1330 to be furtherprocessed and, thus, specifies the packet 1330 be further processed bythe forwarding tables (e.g., by sending the packet 1330 to a dispatchport). In addition, the record 5 specifies that the managed switchingelement 810 store the logical context (i.e., the packet 1330 has beenprocessed by the stage 1362 of the processing pipeline 1300) of thepacket 1330 in the set of fields of the packet 1330's header.

Next, the managed switching element 810 identifies, based on the logicalcontext and/or other fields stored in the packet 1330's header, a recordindicated by an encircled 6 (referred to as “record 6”) in theforwarding tables that implements the logical L2 forwarding of the stage1366. The record 6 specifies that a packet with the MAC address of VM 4as the destination MAC address should be forwarded through the logicalport (not shown) of the logical switch 230.

The record 6 also specifies that the packet 1330 be further processed bythe forwarding tables (e.g., by sending the packet 1330 to a dispatchport). Also, the record 6 specifies that the managed switching element810 store the logical context (i.e., the packet 1330 has been processedby the stage 1366 of the processing pipeline 1300) in the set of fieldsof the packet 1330's header.

Based on the logical context and/or other fields stored in the packet1330's header, the managed switching element 810 identifies a recordindicated by an encircled 7 (referred to as “record 7”) in theforwarding tables that implements the context mapping of the stage 1368.In this example, the record 7 identifies port 5 of the managed switchingelement 820 to which VM 4 is coupled as the port that corresponds to thelogical port (determined at stage 1366) of the logical switch 230 towhich the packet 1330 is to be forwarded. The record 7 additionallyspecifies that the packet 1330 be further processed by the forwardingtables (e.g., by sending the packet 1330 to a dispatch port).

Based on the logical context and/or other fields stored in the packet1330's header, the managed switching element 810 then identifies arecord indicated by an encircled 8 (referred to as “record 8”) in theforwarding tables that implements the physical mapping of the stage1370. The record 8 specifies a port (not shown) of the managed switchingelement 810 through which the packet 1330 is to be sent in order for thepacket 1330 to reach the managed switching element 820. In this case,the managed switching element 810 is to send the packet 1330 out of theport of managed switching element 810 that is coupled to the managedswitching element 820.

As shown in FIG. 13C, the managed switching element 820 includes aforwarding table that includes rules (e.g., flow entries) for processingand routing the packet 1330. When the managed switching element 820receives the packet 1330 from the managed switching element 810, themanaged switching element 820 begins processing the packet 1330 based onthe forwarding tables of the managed switching element 820. The managedswitching element 820 identifies a record indicated by an encircled 4(referred to as “record 4”) in the forwarding tables that implements thecontext mapping of the stage 1372. The record 4 identifies the packet1330's logical context based on the logical context that is stored inthe packet 1330's header. The logical context specifies that the packet1330 has been processed by the stages 1364 and 1366, which wereperformed by the managed switching element 810. As such, the record 4specifies that the packet 1330 be further processed by the forwardingtables (e.g., by sending the packet 1330 to a dispatch port).

Next, the managed switching element 820 identifies, based on the logicalcontext and/or other fields stored in the packet 1330's header, a recordindicated by an encircled 5 (referred to as “record 5”) in theforwarding tables that implements the egress ACL of the stage 1374. Inthis example, the record 5 allows the packet 1330 to be furtherprocessed and, thus, specifies the packet 1330 be further processed bythe forwarding tables (e.g., by sending the packet 1330 to a dispatchport). In addition, the record 5 specifies that the managed switchingelement 820 store the logical context (i.e., the packet 1330 has beenprocessed by the stage 1374 of the processing pipeline 1300) of thepacket 1330 in the set of fields of the packet 1330's header.

Next, the managed switching element 820 identifies, based on the logicalcontext and/or other fields stored in the packet 1330's header, a recordindicated by an encircled 6 (referred to as “record 6”) in theforwarding tables that implements the physical mapping of the stage1376. The record 6 specifies the port 5 of the managed switching element820 through which the packet 1330 is to be sent in order for the packet1330 to reach VM 4. In this case, the managed switching element 820 isto send the packet 1330 out of port 5 of managed switching element 820that is coupled to VM 4. In some embodiments, the managed switchingelement 820 removes the logical context from the packet 1330 beforesending the packet to VM 4.

FIG. 14 conceptually illustrates a process 1400 that some embodimentsperform to forward a packet to determine to which managed switchingelement to send a packet. The process 1400, in some embodiments, isperformed by a managed edge switching element that receives a packet andforwards that packet to another managed switching element or adestination machine for the packet.

The process 1400 begins by receiving (at 1405) a packet from a sourcemachine. The process 1400 then performs (at 1410) a portion of L2processing. As the process performs the L2 processing, the process 1400determines (at 1415) whether the packet needs to be sent to a secondlevel managed switching element for further processing of the packet. Insome embodiments, the process makes this determination based on thedestination L2 address of the packet. The process looks at thedestination L2 address and sends out the packet through a port that isassociated with the destination L2 address. For instance, when thepacket's destination L2 address is an L2 address of an L3 router, theprocess sends the packet out of a port that is associated with themanaged switching element that is associated with an L3 router. When thepacket's destination L2 address is an L2 address of the destinationmachine, the process sends the packet to the managed switching elementthat is directly connected to the destination machine or to the managedswitching element that is closer in the route to the destinationmachine.

When the process 1400 determines (at 1415) that the packet needs to besent to a second level managed switching element, the process 1400 sends(at 1420) the packet to a second-level managed switching element that iscommunicatively coupled to an L3 router that implements the logicalrouter. Otherwise, the process 1400 sends (at 1425) the packet to thedestination machine or to another managed switching element. The processthen ends.

FIG. 15 conceptually illustrates the host 890 described above.Specifically, when the managed switching element 810 receives a packetfrom an L3 router and the packet is headed to another L3 routerimplemented in the same host 890, the managed switching element 810directly bridges the two L3 routers based on the flow entries.

As shown, the managed switching element 810 is coupled to two L3 routers1 and 2. The flow entries that the managed switching element 810contains are shown on the right side of the figure. The flow entriesindicate that the traffic that is addressed to go from one L3 router toanother L3 router should directly go to the other L3 router.

Also, this figure illustrates that the additional router can beprovisioned in the host 890 in order to provide additional routingresources when more managed switching elements are provisioned and relyon the existing L3 router to route additional network traffic.

FIG. 16 conceptually illustrates a process 1600 that some embodimentsuse to directly forward a packet from a first L3 router to a second L3router when the first and the second L3 routers are implemented in thesame host. The process 1600, in some embodiments, is performed by amanaged switching element, such as the managed switching element 810described above, which exchanges packets with two or more L3 routersimplemented in a single host.

The process 1600 begins by receiving (at 1605) a packet from a first L3router. The process 1600 then determines (at 1610) whether the packet isaddressed to a second L3 router that is implemented in the same host inwhich the first L3 router is implemented. The process 1600 determinesthis by examining the information in the header of the packet (e.g.,destination MAC address).

When the process 1600 determines (at 1610) that the packets are headedto the second L3 router, the process 1600 sends the packet to the secondL3 router. Otherwise, the process 1600 sends the packet toward thedestination of the packet (e.g., another managed switching element or adestination machine). The process 1600 then ends.

FIGS. 17-24 illustrate a centralized logical router implemented in amanaged switching element based on flow entries of the managed switchingelement. FIG. 17 conceptually illustrates an example implementation ofthe logical processing pipeline 200 described above by reference to FIG.2. FIG. 17 illustrates a network architecture 1700. In the networkarchitecture 1700, the logical processing pipeline 200 is performed bythree managed switching elements 1715, 1720, and 1725. In particular,the L2 processing 205 and the L2 processing 215 are performed in adistributed manner across managed switching elements 1715, 1720, and1725. The L3 processing 210 is performed by the managed switchingelement 1720 based on flow entries of the managed switching element1720. FIG. 17 also illustrates source machine 1710 and destinationmachine 1730.

The managed switching element 1715 is similar to the managed switchingelement 615 described above by reference to FIG. 6 in that the managedswitching element 1715 is also an edge switching element that directlyreceives the packets from a machine coupled to the edge switchingelement. The managed switching element 1715 receives packets from thesource machine 1710. When the managed switching element 1715 receives apacket from the source machine 1710, the managed switching element 1715performs a portion of the L2 processing 205 on the packet in order tologically forward the packet. When the packet is headed to thedestination machine 1730, which is in another logical network, thepacket is forwarded to the managed switching element 1720

There may be one or more managed switching elements (not shown) betweenthe managed switching element 1715 and the managed switching element1720. These managed switching elements have network constructs (e.g.,PIFs, VIFs, etc.) to which the logical constructs (e.g., logical ports)of the logical switch 220 (not shown in FIG. 17) are mapped.

The managed switching element 1720 is a second-level managed switchingelement that functions as an extender in some embodiments. The managedswitching element 1720 performs the rest of the L2 processing 205 andalso performs the L3 processing 210. The managed switching element 1720also performs a portion of the L2 processing 215 of the logicalprocessing pipeline 200. The managed switching element 1720 then sendsthe packet to the managed switching element 1725.

There may be one of more managed switching elements (not shown) betweenthe managed switching element 1720 and the managed switching element1725. These managed switching elements have network constructs to whichthe logical constructs of the logical switch 220 (not shown in FIG. 17)are mapped.

The managed switching element 1725 in the example receives the packetfrom the managed switching element 1720. The managed switching element1725 performs the rest of the L2 processing 215 on the packet in orderto logically forward the packet. In this example, the managed switchingelement 1725 is also the switching element that directly sends thepacket to the destination machine 1730. However, there may be one ormore managed switching elements (not shown) between the managedswitching element 1725 and the destination machine 1130. These managedswitching elements have network constructs to which the logicalconstructs of the logical switch 230 (not shown in FIG. 17) are mapped.

Although the L2 processing 205 and the L2 processing 215 are performedin a distributed manner in this example, the L2 processing 205 and theL2 processing 215 do not have to be performed in a distributed manner.For instance, the managed switching element 1715 may perform the entireL2 processing 205 and the managed switching element 1725 may perform theentire L2 processing 215. In such case, the managed switching element1720 would perform only the L3 processing 210 of the logical processingpipeline 200.

FIG. 18 conceptually illustrates the logical processing pipeline 200 ofsome embodiments for processing a packet through the logical switch 220,the logical router 225, and the logical switch 230. Specifically, thisfigure illustrates the logical processing pipeline 200 when performed inthe network architecture 1700 described above by reference to FIG. 17.As described above, in the network architecture 1700, the L2 processing205, the L3 processing 210, and the L2 processing 215 are performed bythe managed switching elements 1715, 1720, and 1725.

The L2 processing 205, in some embodiments, includes seven stages1805-1835 for processing a packet through the logical switch 220 (notshown in FIG. 18) in a logical network (not shown) that is implementedacross the managed switching elements 1715 and 1720. In someembodiments, the managed switching element 1715 that receives the packetperforms a portion of the L2 processing 205 when the managed switchingelement 1715 receives the packet. The managed switching element 1720then performs the rest of the L2 processing 205.

The first five stages 1805-1825 are similar to the first five stages705-725 described above by reference to FIG. 7. In the stage 1805 of theL2 processing 205, ingress context mapping is performed on the packet todetermine the logical context of the packet. In some embodiments, thestage 1805 is performed when the logical switch 220 receives the packet(e.g., the packet is initially received by the managed switching element1715). After the first stage 1805 is performed, some embodiments storethe information that represents the logical context in one or morefields of the packet's header.

In some embodiments, the second stage 1810 is defined for the logicalswitch 220. In some such embodiments, the stage 1810 operates on thepacket's logical context to determine ingress access control of thepacket with respect to the logical switch. For example, an ingress ACLis applied to the packet to control the packet's access to the logicalswitch when the logical switch receives the packet. Based on the ingressACL defined for the logical switch, the packet may be further processed(e.g., by the stage 1815) or the packet may be dropped, for example.

In the third stage 1815 of the L2 processing 205, an L2 forwarding isperformed on the packet in the context of the logical switch. In someembodiments, the third stage 1815 operates on the packet's logicalcontext to process and forward the packet with respect to the logicalswitch 220. For instance, some embodiments define an L2 forwarding tableor L2 forwarding entries for processing the packet at layer 2. Moreover,when the packet's destination is in another logical network (i.e., whenthe packet's destination logical network is different than the logicalnetwork whose traffic is processed by the logical switch 220), thelogical switch 220 sends the packet to the logical router 225, whichwill then perform the L3 processing 210 in order to route the packet tothe destination logical network. Thus, at the third stage 1815, themanaged switching element 1715 determines that the packet should beforwarded to the logical router 225 through a logical port (not shown)of the logical switch that is associated with the logical router 225.

At the fourth stage 1820, egress context mapping is performed toidentify a physical result that corresponds to the result of the logicalforwarding of the packet. For example, the logical processing of thepacket may specify that the packet is to be sent out of one or morelogical ports (e.g., a logical egress port) of the logical switch 220.As such, the egress context mapping operation identifies a physicalport(s) of one or more of the managed switching elements (including themanaged switching elements 1715 and 1720) that corresponds to theparticular logical port of the logical switch 220. The managed switchingelement 1715 determines that the physical port (e.g. a VIF) to which thelogical port determined at the previous stage 1815 is mapped is a port(not shown) of the managed switching element 1720.

The fifth stage 1825 of the L2 processing 205 performs a physicalmapping based on the egress context mapping performed at the fourthstage 1820. In some embodiments, the physical mapping determinesoperations for sending the packet towards the physical port that wasdetermined in the fourth stage 1820. For example, the physical mappingof some embodiments determines one or more queues (not shown) associatedwith one or more ports of the set of ports (not shown) of the managedswitching element 1715 that is performing the L2 processing 205 throughwhich to send the packet in order for the packet to reach the physicalport(s) determined in the fourth stage 1820. This way, the managedswitching elements can forward the packet along the correct path in thenetwork for the packet to reach the determined physical port(s).

As shown, the sixth stage 1830 of the L2 processing 205 is performed bythe managed switching element 1720. The sixth stage 1830 is similar tothe first stage 1805. The stage 1830 is performed when the managedswitching element 1720 receives the packet. At the stage 1830, themanaged switching element 1720 looks up the logical context of thepacket and determines that L2 egress access control is left to beperformed.

The seventh stage 1835 of some embodiments is defined for the logicalswitch 220. The seventh stage 1835 of some such embodiments operates onthe packet's logical context to determine egress access control of thepacket with respect to the logical switch 220. For instance, an egressACL may be applied to the packet to control the packet's access out ofthe logical switch 220 after logical forwarding has been performed onthe packet. Based on the egress ACL defined for the logical switch, thepacket may be further processed (e.g., sent out of a logical port of thelogical switch or sent to a dispatch port for further processing) or thepacket may be dropped, for example.

The L3 processing 210 includes six stages 1840-1856 for processing apacket through the logical switch 220 (not shown in FIG. 18) that isimplemented in the managed switching element 1720 based on the L3 flowentries of the managed switching element 1720. As mentioned above, L3processing involves performing a set of logical routing lookups fordetermining where to route the packet through a layer 3 network.

The first stage 1840 performs a logical ingress ACL lookup fordetermining access control when the logical router 225 receives thepacket (i.e., when the managed switching element 1720 which implementsthe logical router 225 receives the packet). The next stage 1841performs DNAT to revert the destination address of the packet back tothe real address of the destination machine that is hidden from thesource machine of the packet. This stage 1841 is performed when DNAT isenabled.

The next stage 1845 performs a logical L3 routing for determining one ormore logical ports to which send the packet through the layer 3 networkbased on the L3 addresses (e.g., destination IP address) of the packetand routing tables (e.g., containing L3 entries). Since the logicalrouter 225 is implemented by the managed switching element 1720, the L3flow entries are configured in the managed switching element 1720.

At the fourth stage 1850, the managed switching element 1720 of someembodiments also performs SNAT on the packet. For instance, the managedswitching element 1720 replaces the source IP address of the packet witha different IP address in order to hide the source IP address when thesource NAT is enabled. Also, as will be described further below, themanaged switching element may use a NAT daemon to receive flow entriesfor translating network addresses. A NAT daemon will be describedfurther below by reference to FIG. 31.

The fifth stage 1855 performs logical L3 egress ACL lookups fordetermining access control before the logical router 225 routes thepacket out of the logical router 225 through the port determined in thestage 1845. The L3 egress ACL lookups are performed based on the L3addresses (e.g., source and destination IP addresses) of the packet.

The sixth stage 1856 performs address resolution in order to translatethe destination L3 address (e.g., a destination IP address) into adestination L2 address (e.g., a destination MAC address). In someembodiments, the managed switching element 1720 uses a standard addressresolution (e.g., by sending out ARP requests or looking up ARP cache)to find the destination L2 address that corresponds to the destinationIP address. Also, as will be described further below, the managedswitching element 1720 of some embodiments may use an L3 daemon toreceive flow entries for resolving L3 addresses into L2 addresses. An L3daemon will be described further below by reference to FIGS. 48-50.

When the logical router 225 is not coupled to the destination logicalnetwork, the logical switch 220 sends the packet to another logicalrouter network towards the destination logical network. When the logicalrouter 225 is coupled to the destination logical network, the logicalswitch 220 routes the packet to the destination logical network (i.e.,the logical switch that forwards the packet for the destination logicalnetwork).

The L2 processing 215, in some embodiments, includes seven stages1860-1890 for processing the packet through the logical switch 230 inanother logical network (not shown in FIG. 18) that is implementedacross the managed switching elements 1720 and 1725 (not shown). Thestages 1860-1890 are similar to the stage 1805-1835, respectively,except that the stage 1860-1890 are performed by the logical switch 230(i.e., by the managed switching elements 1720 and 1725 that implementthe logical switch 230).

FIG. 19 conceptually illustrates an example network architecture 1900 ofsome embodiments which implements the logical router 225 and logicalswitches 220 and 230. Specifically, the network architecture 1900represents a physical network that effectuate logical networks whosedata packets are switched and/or routed by the logical router 225 andthe logical switches 220 and 230. The figure illustrates in the top halfof the figure the logical router 225 and the logical switches 220 and230. This figure illustrates in the bottom half of the figure asecond-level managed switching element 1910, managed switching elements1915 and 1920 which are running in hosts 1990, 1980, and 1985 (e.g.,machines operated by operating systems such as Windows™ and Linux™),respectively. The figure illustrates VMs 1-4 in both the top and thebottom of the figure.

In this example, the logical switch 220 forwards data packets betweenthe logical router 225, VM 1, and VM 2. The logical switch 230 forwardsdata packets between the logical router 225, VM 3, and VM 4. Asmentioned above, the logical router 225 routes data packets between thelogical switches 220 and 230 and possibly other logical routers andswitches (not shown). The logical switches 220 and 230 and the logicalrouter 225 are logically coupled through logical ports (not shown) andexchange packets through the logical ports. These logical ports aremapped to physical ports of the L3 router 1960 and the managed switchingelements 1910, 1915 and 1920.

In some embodiments, each of the logical switches 220 and 230 isimplemented across the managed switching elements 1915 and 1920 andpossibly other managed switching elements (not shown). In someembodiments, the logical router 225 is implemented in the L3 router 1960which is communicatively coupled to the managed switching element 1910.

In this example, the managed switching elements 1910, 1915 and 1920 aresoftware switching elements running in hosts 1990, 1980 and 1985,respectively. The managed switching elements 1910, 1915 and 1920 haveflow entries which implement the logical switches 220 and 230. Usingthese flow entries, the managed switching elements 1915 and 1920 forwardnetwork data (e.g., packets) between network elements in the networkthat are coupled to the managed switching elements 1910, 1915 and 1920.For instance, the managed switching element 1915 routes network databetween VMs 1 and 3, and the second-level managed switching element1910. Similarly, the managed switching element 1920 routes network databetween VMs 2 and 4, and the second-level managed switching element1910. As shown, the managed switching elements 1915 and 1920 each havethree ports (depicted as numbered squares) through which to exchangedata packets with the network elements that are coupled to the managedswitching elements 1915 and 1920.

The managed switching element 1910 is similar to the managed switchingelement 305 described above by reference to FIG. 4 in that the managedswitching element 1910 is a second-level managed switching element thatfunctions as an extender. The managed switching element 560 alsoimplements the logical router 225 based on the flow entries. Using theseflow entries, the managed switching element 1910 route packets at L3. Inthis example, the logical router 225 implemented in the managedswitching element 1910 routes packets between the logical switch 220that is implemented across the managed switching elements 1910 and 1915and the logical switch 230 implemented across the managed switchingelement 1910 and 1920.

In this example, the managed switching element 1910 is coupled to themanaged switching element 1915, which runs in the host 1980, through atunnel that terminates at port 2 of the managed switching element 1915as shown. Similarly, the managed switching element 1910 is coupled tothe managed switching element 1920 through a tunnel that terminates atport 1 of the managed switching elements 1920.

In this example, each of the hosts 1980 and 1985 includes a managedswitching element and several VMs as shown. The VMs 1-4 are virtualmachines that are each assigned a set of network addresses (e.g., a MACaddress for L2, an IP address for L3, etc.) and can send and receivenetwork data to and from other network elements. The VMs are managed byhypervisors (not shown) running on the hosts 1980 and 1985.

Several example data exchanges through the network architecture 1900will now be described. When VM 1 that is coupled to the logical switch220 sends a packet to VM 2 that is also coupled to the same logicalswitch 220, the packet is first sent to the managed switching element1915. The managed switching element 1915 then performs the L2 processing205 on the packet because the managed switching element 1915 is the edgeswitching element that receives the packet from VM 1. The result of theL2 processing 205 on this packet would indicate that the packet shouldbe sent to the managed switching element 1920 to get to VM 2 throughport 4 of the managed switching element 1920. Because VMs 1 and 2 are inthe same logical network and therefore L3 routing for the packet is notnecessary, no L3 processing needs to be performed on this packet. Thepacket is then sent to the managed switching element 1920 via thesecond-level managed switching element 1910 which is bridging betweenthe managed switching element 1915 and the managed switching element1920. The packet reaches VM 2 through port 4 of the managed switchingelement 1920.

When VM 1 that is coupled to the logical switch 220 sends a packet to VM3 that is coupled to the logical switch 230, the packet is first sent tothe managed switching element 1915. The managed switching element 1915performs a portion of L2 processing on the packet. However, because thepacket is sent from one logical network to another (i.e., the logical L3destination address of the packet is for another logical network), an L3processing needs to be performed on this packet.

The managed switching element 1915 sends the packet to the second-levelmanaged switching element 1910 so that the managed switching element1910 performs the rest of the L2 processing and the L3 processing 210 onthe packet. The managed switching element 1910 then performs a portionof another L2 processing and forwards the packet to the managedswitching element 1920. The managed switching element 1915 performs theL2 processing 215 on the packet received from the managed switchingelement 1910 and the result of this L2 processing would indicate thatthe packet should be sent to VM 3 through port 5 of the managedswitching element 1915.

When VM 1 that is coupled to the logical switch 220 sends a packet to VM4 that is coupled to the logical switch 230, the packet is first sent tothe managed switching element 1915. The managed switching element 1915performs the L2 processing 205 on the packet. However, because thepacket is sent from one logical network to another, an L3 processingneeds to be performed.

The managed switching element 1915 sends the packet to the managedswitching element 1910 so that the managed switching element 1910performs the rest of L2 processing 205 and the L3 processing 210 on thepacket. The result of the L3 processing 210 performed at the managedswitching element 1910 would indicate that the packet should be sent tothe managed switching element 1915. The managed switching element 1910then performs a portion of L2 processing on the packet and the result ofthis L2 processing would indicate that the packet should be sent to VM 4through the managed switching element 1920. The managed switchingelement 1920 performs the rest of the L2 processing to determine thatthe packet should be sent to VM 4 through port 5 of the managedswitching element 1920.

FIG. 20 conceptually illustrates an example network architecture 2000 ofsome embodiments which implements the logical router 225 and logicalswitches 220 and 230. Specifically, the network architecture 2000represents a physical network that effectuate logical networks whosedata packets are switched and/or routed by the logical router 225 andthe logical switches 220 and 230. The figure illustrates in the top halfof the figure the logical router 225 and the logical switches 220 and230. This figure illustrates in the bottom half of the figure thesecond-level managed switching element 1910, managed switching elements1915 and 1920 which are running in hosts 1990, 1980, and 1985respectively. The figure illustrates VMs 1-4 in both the top and thebottom of the figure.

The network architecture 2000 is similar to the network architecture1900 except that the network architecture 2000 additionally includes themanaged switching element 2005 which runs in the host 2010. The managedswitching element 2005 of some embodiments is a second-level managedswitching element that functions as a pool node.

In some embodiments, tunnels are established by the network controlsystem (not shown) to facilitate communication between the networkelements. For instance, the managed switching element 1915 in thisexample is coupled to the managed switching element 2005, which runs inthe host 2010, through a tunnel that terminates at port 1 of the managedswitching element 1915 as shown. Similarly, the managed switchingelement 1920 is coupled to the managed switching element 2005 through atunnel that terminates at port 2 of the managed switching elements 1920.Also, the managed switching elements 2005 and 1910 are coupled through atunnel as shown.

The logical router 225 and the logical switches 220 and 230 areimplemented in the managed switching elements 1910, 1915, and 1920 asdescribed by reference to FIG. 19 above, except that the second-levelmanaged switching element 2005 is involved in the data packet exchange.That is, the managed switching elements 1915 and 1910 exchange packetsthrough the managed switching element 2005. The managed switchingelements 1920 and 1910 exchange packets through the managed switchingelement 2005. The managed switching elements 1915 and 1920 exchangepackets through the managed switching element 2005.

FIG. 21 conceptually illustrates an example network architecture 2100 ofsome embodiments which implements the logical router 225 and logicalswitches 220 and 230. The network architecture 2100 is similar to thenetwork architecture 1900 except that there is a tunnel establishedbetween the managed switching element 1910 and the managed switchingelement 1920. This figure illustrates that the network architecture 2100of some embodiments is a mixture of the network architecture 1900 andthe network architecture 2000. That is, some managed edge switchingelements have tunnels to a second-level managed switching element thatis coupled to a centralized L3 router while other managed edge switchingelements have to go through a second-level managed switching elementthat functions as a pool node in order to exchange packets with asecond-level managed switching element that is coupled to thecentralized L3 router.

FIG. 22 conceptually illustrates an example architecture of the host1990 of some embodiments that includes the managed switching element1910 that implements a logical router based on flow entries. The host1990, in some embodiments, is a machine that is managed by an operatingsystem (e.g., Linux) that is capable of creating virtual machines. Asshown, the host 1990 in this example includes a managed switchingelement 1910, and a NIC 2245. This figure also illustrates a controllercluster 2205.

The controller cluster 2205 is a set of network controllers orcontroller instances that manage the network elements, including themanaged switching element 1910. The managed switching element 1910 inthis example is a software switching element implemented in the host1990 that includes a user space 2212 and a kernel 2210. The managedswitching element 1910 includes a control daemon 2215 running in theuser space 2212, and a controller patch 2230 and a bridge 2235 runningin the kernel 2210. Also running in the user space 2212 is a NAT daemon2250, which will be described further below. The user space 2212 and thekernel 2210, in some embodiments, are of an operating system for thehost 1990 while in other embodiments the user space 2212 and the kernel2210 are of a virtual machine that is running on the host 1990.

In some embodiments, the controller cluster 2205 communicates with acontrol daemon 2215 (e.g., by using OpenFlow protocol or some othercommunication protocol), which, in some embodiments, is an applicationrunning in the background of the user space 2212. The control daemon2215 communicates with the controller cluster 2205 in order to processand route packets that the managed switching element 1910 receives.Specifically, the control daemon 2215, in some embodiments, receivesconfiguration information from the controller cluster 2205 andconfigures the controller patch 2230. For example, the control daemon2215 receives commands from the controller cluster 2205 regardingoperations for processing and routing packets at L2 and L3 that themanaged switching element 1910 receives.

The controller patch 2230 is a module that runs in the kernel 2210. Insome embodiments, the control daemon 2215 configures the controllerpatch 2230. When configured, the controller patch 2230 contains rules(e.g., flow entries) regarding processing, forwarding, and routing thepackets to receive. The controller patch 2230 implements both logicalswitches and a logical router.

In some embodiments, the controller patch 2230 uses the NAT daemon fornetwork address translation. As will be described further below, the NATdaemon 2250 generates flow entries regarding network address translationand sends back the flow entries to the managed switching element 1910 touse. A NAT daemon will be described further below.

The controller patch 2230 receives packets from a network stack 2250 ofthe kernel 2210 or from the bridge 2235. The bridge 2235 routes networkdata between the network stack 2250 and network hosts external to thehost (i.e., network data received through the NIC 2245). As shown, thebridge 2235 routes network data between the network stack 2250 and theNIC 2245 and between the network stack 2250 and the NIC 2245. The bridge2235 of some embodiments performs standard L2 packet learning androuting.

The network stack 2250 can receive packets from network hosts externalto the managed switching element 1910 through the NIC 2245. The networkstack 2250 then sends the packets to the controller patch 2230. In somecases, the packets are received from network hosts external to themanaged switching element through tunnels. In some embodiments, thetunnels terminate at the network stack 2250. Thus, when the networkstack 2250 receives a packet through a tunnel, the network stack 2250unwraps the tunnel header (i.e., decapsulates the payload) and sends theunwrapped packet to the controller patch 2230.

An example operation of the managed switching element 1910 will now bedescribed. In this example, tunnels are established between the managedswitching element 1910 and the managed switching elements 1915 and 1920(not shown in FIG. 22) that are external to the host 1990. That is, themanaged switching elements 1910, 1915, and 1920 are connected throughthe tunnels as illustrated in FIG. 19. The tunnels terminate at thenetwork stack 2250.

The managed switching element 1915 sends a packet, sent by VM1 to VM 4,to the managed switching element 1910. The packet is received by the NIC2245 and then is sent to the bridge 2235. Based on the information inthe packet header, the bridge 2235 determines that the packet is sentover the established tunnel and sends the packet to the network stack2250. The network stack 2250 unwraps the tunnel header and sends theunwrapped packet to the controller patch 2230.

According to the flow entries that the controller patch 2230 has, thecontroller patch 2230 performs L3 processing to route the packet becausethe packet is sent from one logical network to another logical network.By performing the L3 processing and some L2 processing, the managedswitching element 1910 determines that the packet should be sent to themanaged switching element 1920 because the destination network layeraddress should go to a logical switch that belongs to the destinationlogical network. The controller patch 2230 sends the packet through thenetwork stack 2250, the bridge 2235, and the NIC 2245 over the tunnel tothe managed switching element 1920 that implements the logical switchthat belongs to the destination logical network.

FIG. 23 conceptually illustrates an example implementation of logicalswitches and logical routers in managed switching elements.Specifically, this figure illustrates implementation of the logicalrouter 225 and the logical switches 220 and 230 in the second-levelmanaged switching element 1910 and the managed switching elements 1915and 1920. The figure illustrates in the top half of the figure thelogical router 225 and the logical switches 220 and 230. This figureillustrates in the bottom half of the figure the managed switchingelements 1910-1920. The figure illustrates VMs 1-4 in both the top andthe bottom halves of the figure.

The logical switches 220 and 230 and the logical router 225 arelogically coupled through logical ports. This particular configurationof the logical switches 220 and 230 is the same as the configurationillustrated in an example described above by reference to FIG. 12.

In the example of FIG. 23, the controller cluster 2205 (not shown inFIG. 23) configures the managed switching element 1910 by supplying flowentries to the managed switching element 1910 such that the managedswitching element implements the logical router 225 based on the flowentries.

FIG. 24 conceptually illustrates an example operation of the logicalswitches 220 and 230, the logical router 225, and the managed switchingelements 1910, 1915 and 1920 described above by reference to FIG. 23.Specifically, FIG. 24 illustrates an operation of the managed switchingelement 1910, which implements the logical router 225. Portions of thelogical processing pipeline that the managed switching elements 1915 and1920 perform are not depicted in FIG. 24 for simplicity. These portionsof the logical processing pipeline are similar to the portions oflogical processing performed by the managed switching elements 815 and820 in the example illustrated in the top half of FIG. 13A and FIG. 13C.That is, for illustrating the example of FIG. 24, FIG. 24 replaces thebottom half of FIG. 13A and FIG. 13B.

As shown in the bottom half of FIG. 24, the managed switching element1910 includes L2 entries 2405 and 2415 and L3 entries 2410. Theseentries are flow entries that the controller cluster 2205 (not shown)supplies to the managed switching element 1910. Although these entriesare depicted as three separate tables, the tables do not necessarilyhave to be separate tables. That is, a single table may include allthese flow entries.

When the managed switching element 1910 receives a packet 2430 from themanaged switching element 1915 that is sent from VM 1 towards VM 4, themanaged switching element 1910 begins processing the packet 2430 basedon the flow entries 2405 of the managed switching element 1910. Themanaged switching element 1910 identifies a record indicated by anencircled 1 (referred to as “record 1”) in the forwarding tables thatimplements the context mapping of the stage 1830. The record 1identifies the packet 2430's logical context based on the logicalcontext that is stored in the packet 2430's header. The logical contextspecifies that the packet 2430 has been processed by the portion oflogical processing (i.e., L2 ingress ACL, L2 forwarding) performed bythe managed switching element 1915. As such, the record 1 specifies thatthe packet 2430 be further processed by the forwarding tables (e.g., bysending the packet 2430 to a dispatch port).

Next, the managed switching element 1910 identifies, based on thelogical context and/or other fields stored in the packet 2430's header,a record indicated by an encircled 2 (referred to as “record 2”) in theforwarding tables that implements the egress ACL of the stage 1835. Inthis example, the record 2 allows the packet 2430 to be furtherprocessed (e.g., the packet 2430 can get out of the logical switch 220through port “X” of the logical switch 220) and, thus, specifies thepacket 2430 be further processed by the flow entries of the managedswitching element 1910 (e.g., by sending the packet 2430 to a dispatchport). In addition, the record 2 specifies that the managed switchingelement 1910 store the logical context (i.e., the packet 2430 has beenprocessed by the stage 2452 of the processing pipeline 2400) of thepacket 2430 in the set of fields of the packet 2430's header. (It is tobe noted that all records specify that a managed switching elementperforming logical processing update the logical context store in theset of fields whenever a managed switching element performs some portionof logical processing based on a record.)

The managed switching element 1910 continues processing the packet 2430based on the flow entries. The managed switching element 1910identifies, based on the logical context and/or other fields stored inthe packet 2430's header, a record indicated by an encircled 3 (referredto as “record 3”) in the L3 entries 2410 that implements L3 ingress ACLby specifying that the managed switching element 1910 should accept thepacket through the logical port 1 of the logical router 225 based on theinformation in the header of the packet 2430.

The managed switching element 1910 then identifies a flow entryindicated by an encircled 4 (referred to as “record 4”) in the L3entries 2410 that implements L3 routing 1845 by specifying that thepacket 2430 with its destination IP address (e.g., 1.1.2.10) should beallowed to exit out of port 2 of the logical router 225. Also, therecord 4 (or another record in the routing table, not shown) indicatesthat the source MAC address for the packet 2430 is to be rewritten tothe MAC address of port 2 of the logical router 225 (i.e.,01:01:01:01:01:02). The managed switching element 1910 then identifies aflow entry indicated by an encircled 5 (referred to as “record 5”) inthe L3 entries 2410 that implements L3 egress ACL by specifying that themanaged switching element 1910 can send the packet out through port 2 ofthe logical router 225 based on the information (e.g., source IPaddress) in the header of the packet 2430.

Based on the logical context and/or other fields stored in the packet2430's header, the managed switching element 1910 identifies a recordindicated by an encircled 6 (referred to as “record 6”) in the L2entries 2415 that implements the ingress ACL of the stage 1860. In thisexample, the record 6 allows the packet 2430 to be further processedand, thus, specifies the packet 2430 be further processed by the managedswitching element 1910 (e.g., by sending the packet 2430 to a dispatchport). In addition, the record 6 specifies that the managed switchingelement 1910 store the logical context (i.e., the packet 2430 has beenprocessed by the stage 2462 of the processing pipeline 2400) of thepacket 2430 in the set of fields of the packet 2430's header.

Next, the managed switching element 1910 identifies, based on thelogical context and/or other fields stored in the packet 2430's header,a record indicated by an encircled 7 (referred to as “record 7”) in theforwarding tables that implements the logical L2 forwarding of the stage1865. The record 7 specifies that a packet with the MAC address of VM 4as destination MAC address should be forwarded through a logical port(not shown) of the logical switch 230 that is connected to VM 4.

The record 7 also specifies that the packet 2430 be further processed bythe forwarding tables (e.g., by sending the packet 2430 to a dispatchport). Also, the record 7 specifies that the managed switching element1910 store the logical context (i.e., the packet 2430 has been processedby the stage 1865 of the processing pipeline 2400) in the set of fieldsof the packet 2430's header.

Based on the logical context and/or other fields stored in the packet2430's header, the managed switching element 1910 identifies a recordindicated by an encircled 8 (referred to as “record 8”) in theforwarding tables that implements the context mapping of the stage 1870.In this example, the record 8 identifies port 5 of the managed switchingelement 1920 to which VM 4 is coupled as the port that corresponds tothe logical port (determined at stage 1865) of the logical switch 230 towhich the packet 2430 is to be forwarded. The record 8 additionallyspecifies that the packet 2430 be further processed by the forwardingtables (e.g., by sending the packet 2430 to a dispatch port).

Based on the logical context and/or other fields stored in the packet2430's header, the managed switching element 1910 then identifies arecord indicated by an encircled 9 (referred to as “record 9”) in the L2entries 2415 that implements the physical mapping of the stage 1875. Therecord 9 specifies a port (not shown) of the managed switching element1910 through which the packet 2430 is to be sent in order for the packet2430 to reach the managed switching element 1920. In this case, themanaged switching element 1910 is to send the packet 2430 out of thatport of managed switching element 1910 that is coupled to the managedswitching element 1920.

FIGS. 25-30B illustrate a distributed logical router implemented inseveral managed switching elements based on flow entries of the managedswitching element. In particular, FIGS. 25-30B illustrate that theentire logical processing pipeline that includes source L2 processing,L3 routing, and destination L2 processing is performed by a first hopmanaged switching element (i.e., the switching element that receives apacket directly from a machine).

FIG. 25 conceptually illustrates an example implementation of thelogical processing pipeline 200 described above by reference to FIG. 2.In particular, FIG. 25 illustrates that the L3 processing 210 can beperformed by any managed switching elements that directly receives apacket from a source machine. FIG. 25 illustrates a network architecture2500. In the network architecture 2500, the logical processing pipeline200 is performed by a managed switching element 2505. In this example,the L3 processing 210 is performed by the managed switching element 2505based on flow entries of the managed switching element 2505. FIG. 25also illustrates source machine 2515 and destination machine 2520.

The managed switching element 2505 is an edge switching element thatdirectly receives the packets from a machine coupled to the edgeswitching element. The managed switching element 2505 receives packetsfrom the source machine 2515. When the managed switching element 2505receives a packet from the source machine 2515, the managed switchingelement 805, in some embodiments, performs the entire logical processingpipeline 200 on the packet in order to logically forward and route thepacket.

When a received packet is headed to the destination machine 2520, whichis in another logical network in this example, the managed switchingelement 2505 functions as a logical switch that is in the logicalnetwork to which the source machine 2515 belongs; a logical switch thatis in the logical network to which the destination machine 2520 belongs;and a logical router that routes packets between these two logicalswitches. Based on the result of performing logical processing pipeline200, the managed switching element 2505 forwards the packet to themanaged switching element 2510 through which the destination machine2520 receives the packet.

FIG. 26 conceptually illustrates the logical processing pipeline 200 ofsome embodiments for processing a packet through the logical switch 220,the logical router 225, and the logical switch 230. Specifically, thisfigure illustrates the logical processing pipeline 200 when performed inthe network architecture 2500 described above by reference to FIG. 25.As described above, in the network architecture 2500, the L2 processing205, the L3 processing 210, and the L2 processing 215 are performed bythe single managed switching element 2505, which is an edge switchingelement that receives packet from machine. Hence, in these embodiments,the first-hop switching element performs the entire logical processingpipeline 200.

The L2 processing 205, in some embodiments, includes four stages2605-2620 for processing a packet through the logical switch 220 (notshown in FIG. 26). In the stage 2605, ingress context mapping isperformed on the packet to determine the logical context of the packet.In some embodiments, the stage 2605 is performed when the logical switch220 receives the packet (e.g., the packet is initially received by themanaged switching element 2505).

In some embodiments, the second stage 2610 is defined for the logicalswitch 220. In some such embodiments, the stage 2610 operates on thepacket's logical context to determine ingress access control of thepacket with respect to the logical switch. For example, an ingress ACLis applied to the packet to control the packet's access to the logicalswitch when the logical switch receives the packet. Based on the ingressACL defined for the logical switch, the packet may be further processed(e.g., by the stage 2615) or the packet may be dropped, for example.

In the third stage 2615 of the L2 processing 205, an L2 forwarding isperformed on the packet in the context of the logical switch. In someembodiments, the third stage 2615 operates on the packet's logicalcontext to process and forward the packet with respect to the logicalswitch 220. For instance, some embodiments define an L2 forwarding tableor L2 forwarding entries for processing the packet at layer 2.

The fourth stage 2620 of some embodiments is defined for the logicalswitch 220. The fourth stage 2620 of some such embodiments operates onthe packet's logical context to determine egress access control of thepacket with respect to the logical switch. For instance, an egress ACLmay be applied to the packet to control the packet's access out of thelogical switch 220 after logical forwarding has been performed on thepacket. Based on the egress ACL defined for the logical switch, thepacket may be further processed (e.g., sent out of a logical port of thelogical switch or sent to a dispatch port for further processing) or thepacket may be dropped, for example.

When the packet's destination is in another logical network (i.e., whenthe packet's destination logical network is different than the logicalnetwork whose traffic is processed by the logical switch 220), thelogical switch 220 sends the packet to the logical router 225, whichthen performs the L3 processing at stage 210 in order to route thepacket to the destination logical network. The L3 processing 210includes six stages 2635-2651 for processing a packet through thelogical router 225 (not shown in FIG. 26) that is implemented by themanaged switching element 2505 (not shown in FIG. 26). As mentionedabove, L3 processing involves performing a set of logical routinglookups for determining where to route the packet through a layer 3network.

The first stage 2635 performs a logical ingress ACL lookup fordetermining access control when the logical router 225 receives thepacket (i.e., when the managed switching element 2505 which implementsthe logical router 225 receives the packet). In some embodiments, thestage 2635 operates on the packet's logical context to determine ingressaccess control of the packet with respect to the logical router 225. Thenext stage 2636 performs DNAT to revert the destination address of thepacket back to the real address of the destination machine that ishidden from the source machine of the packet. This stage 2636 isperformed when DNAT is enabled.

The next stage 2640 performs a logical L3 routing for determining one ormore logical ports to send the packet through the layer 3 network basedon the L3 addresses (e.g., destination IP address) of the packet,forwarding tables containing L3 flow entries, and the packet's logicalcontext.

The fourth stage 2645 of some embodiments performs SNAT on the packet.For instance, the managed switching element 2505 replaces the source IPaddress of the packet with a different IP address in order to hide thesource IP address when the SNAT is enabled. Also, as will be describedfurther below, the managed switching element may use a NAT daemon toreceive flow entries for translating network addresses. A NAT daemonwill be described further below by reference to FIG. 31.

The fifth stage 2650 performs logical egress ACL lookups for determiningaccess control before the logical router 225 routes the packet out ofthe logical router 225 through the port determined in the stage 2640.The egress ACL lookups are performed based on the L3 addresses (e.g.,source and destination IP addresses) of the packet. In some embodiments,the stage 2650 operates on the packet's logical context to determineegress access control of the packet with respect to the logical router225.

The sixth stage 2651 performs address resolution in order to translatethe destination L3 address (e.g., a destination IP address) into adestination L2 address (e.g., a destination MAC address). In someembodiments, the managed switching element 2505 uses a standard addressresolution (e.g., by sending out ARP requests or looking up ARP cache)to find the destination L2 address that corresponds to the destinationIP address. Also, as will be described further below, the managedswitching element 2505 of some embodiments may use an L3 daemon toreceive flow entries for resolving L3 addresses into L2 addresses. An L3daemon will be described further below by reference to FIGS. 48-50.

When the logical router 225 is not coupled to the destination logicalnetwork, the logical switch 220 sends the packet to another logicalrouter network towards the destination logical network. A portion of thelogical processing that corresponds to the operation of the otherlogical router would also be implemented in the managed switchingelement 2505. When the logical router 225 is coupled to the destinationlogical network, the logical switch 220 routes the packet to thedestination logical network (i.e., the logical switch that forwards thepacket for the destination logical network).

The L2 processing 215, in some embodiments, includes five stages2660-2680 for processing the packet through the logical switch 225 (notshown in FIG. 26). In some embodiments, the first stage 2660 is definedfor the logical switch 225. In some such embodiments, the stage 2660operates on the packet's logical context to determine ingress accesscontrol of the packet with respect to the logical switch 230. Forexample, an ingress ACL is applied to the packet to control the packet'saccess to the logical switch 230 when the logical switch 230 receivesthe packet from the logical router 225. Based on the ingress ACL definedfor the logical switch, the packet may be further processed (e.g., bythe stage 2665) or the packet may be dropped, for example.

In the second stage 2665 of the L2 processing pipeline 215, an L2forwarding is performed on the packet in the context of the logicalswitch. In some embodiments, the third stage 2665 operates on thepacket's logical context to process and forward the packet with respectto the logical switch 220. For instance, some embodiments define an L2forwarding table or L2 forwarding entries for processing the packet atlayer 2.

The third stage 2670 of some embodiments is defined for the logicalswitch 220. The third stage 2670 of some such embodiments operates onthe packet's logical context to determine egress access control of thepacket with respect to the logical switch. For instance, an egress ACLmay be applied to the packet to control the packet's access out of thelogical switch 230 after logical forwarding has been performed on thepacket. Based on the egress ACL defined for the logical switch, thepacket may be further processed (e.g., sent out of a logical port of thelogical switch or sent to a dispatch port for further processing) or thepacket may be dropped, for example.

In the fourth stage 2675, egress context mapping is performed toidentify a physical result that corresponds to the result of the logicalforwarding of the packet. For example, the logical processing of thepacket may specify that the packet is to be sent out of one or morelogical ports (e.g., a logical egress port) of the logical switch 230.As such, the egress context mapping operation identifies a physicalport(s) of one or more of the managed switching elements (including themanaged switching element 2505) that corresponds to the particularlogical port of the logical switch.

The fifth stage 2680 of the L2 processing 215 performs a physicalmapping based on the egress context mapping performed at the fourthstage 2675. In some embodiments, the physical mapping determinesoperations for forwarding the packet to the physical port that wasdetermined in the fourth stage 2675. For example, the physical mappingof some embodiments determines one or more queues (not shown) associatedwith one or more ports of the set of ports (not shown) of the managedswitching element 2505 through which to send the packet in order for thepacket to reach the physical port(s) determined in the fourth stage2675. This way, the managed switching elements can route the packetalong the correct path in the network for the packet to reach thedetermined physical port(s). Also, some embodiments remove the logicalcontext after the fifth stage 2680 is completed in order to return thepacket to its original state before the logical processing pipeline 2600was performed on the packet.

FIG. 27 conceptually illustrates an example network architecture 2700 ofsome embodiments which implements the logical router 225 and logicalswitches 220 and 230. Specifically, the network architecture 2700represents a physical network that effectuate logical networks whosedata packets are switched and/or routed by the logical router 225 andthe logical switches 220 and 230. The figure illustrates in the top halfof the figure the logical router 225 and the logical switches 220 and230. This figure illustrates, in the bottom half of the figure, themanaged switching elements 2505 and 2510. The figure illustrates VMs 1-4in both the top and the bottom of the figure.

In this example, the logical switch 220 forwards data packets betweenthe logical router 225, VM 1, and VM 2. The logical switch 230 forwardsdata packets between the logical router 225, VM 3, and VM 4. Asmentioned above, the logical router 225 routes data packets between thelogical switches 220 and 230 and other logical routers and switches (notshown). The logical switches 220 and 230 and the logical router 225 arelogically coupled through logical ports (not shown) and exchange datapackets through the logical ports. These logical ports are mapped orattached to physical ports of the managed switching elements 2505 and2510.

In some embodiments, a logical router is implemented in each managedswitching element in the managed network. When the managed switchingelement receives a packet from a machine that is coupled to the managedswitching element, the managed switching element performs the logicalrouting. In other words, a managed switching element of theseembodiments that is a first-hop switching element with respect to apacket performs the L3 processing 210.

In this example, the managed switching elements 2505 and 2510 aresoftware switching elements running in hosts 2525 and 2530,respectively. The managed switching elements 2505 and 2510 have flowentries which implement the logical switches 220 and 230 to forward androute the packets that the managed switching element 2505 and 2510receive from VMs 1-4. The flow entries also implement the logical router225. Using these flow entries, the managed switching elements 2505 and2510 can forward and route packets between network elements in thenetwork that are coupled to the managed switching elements 2505 and2510. As shown, the managed switching elements 2505 and 2510 each havethree ports (e.g., VIFs) through which to exchange data packets with thenetwork elements that are coupled to the managed switching elements 2505and 2510. In some cases, the data packets in these embodiments willtravel through a tunnel that is established between the managedswitching elements 2505 and 2510 (e.g., the tunnel that terminates atport 3 of the managed switching element 2505 and port 3 of the managedswitching element 2510).

In this example, each of the hosts 2525 and 2530 includes a managedswitching element and several VMs as shown. The VMs 1-4 are virtualmachines that are each assigned a set of network addresses (e.g., a MACaddress for L2, an IP address for network L3, etc.) and can send andreceive network data to and from other network elements. The VMs aremanaged by hypervisors (not shown) running on the hosts 2525 and 2530.

Several example data exchanges through the network architecture 2700will now be described. When VM 1, that is coupled to the logical switch220, sends a packet to VM 2 that is also coupled to the same logicalswitch 220, the packet is first sent to the managed switching element2505. The managed switching element 2505 then performs the L2 processing205 on the packet. The result of L2 processing would indicate that thepacket should be sent to the managed switching element 2510 over thetunnel established between the managed switching elements 2505 and 2510and get to VM 2 through port 4 of the managed switching element 2510.Because VMs 1 and 2 are in the same logical network, the managedswitching element 2505 does not perform the L3 processing 210 and the L2processing 215.

When VM 1 that is coupled to the logical switch 220 sends a packet to VM3 that is coupled to the logical switch 230, the packet is first sent tothe managed switching element 2505. The managed switching element 2505performs the L2 processing 205 on the packet. However, because thepacket is sent from one logical network to another (i.e., the logical L3destination address of the packet is for another logical network), theL3 processing 210 needs to be performed. The managed switching element2505 also performs the L2 processing 215. That is, the managed switchingelement 2505 as the first-hop switching element that receives the packetperforms the entire logical processing pipeline 200 on the packet. Theresult of performing the logical processing pipeline 200 would indicatethat the packet should be sent to VM 3 through port 5 of the managedswitching element 2505. Thus, the packet did not have to go to anothermanaged switching element although the packet did go through two logicalswitches and a logical router.

When VM 1 that is coupled to the logical switch 220 sends a packet to VM4 that is coupled to the logical switch 230, the packet is first sent tothe managed switching element 2505. The managed switching element 2505,as the first-hop switching element for the packet, performs the entirelogical processing pipeline 200 on the packet. The result of performingthe logical processing pipeline 200 on this packet would indicate thatthe packet should be sent to the managed switching element 2510 over thetunnel established between the managed switching elements 2505 and 2510and get to VM 4 through port 5 of the managed switching element 2510.

FIG. 28 conceptually illustrates an example network architecture 2800 ofsome embodiments which implements the logical router 225 and logicalswitches 220 and 230. Specifically, the network architecture 2800represents a physical network that effectuate logical networks whosedata packets are switched and/or routed by the logical router 225 andthe logical switches 220 and 230. The figure illustrates in the top halfof the figure the logical router 225 and the logical switches 220 and230. This figure illustrates in the bottom half of the figure themanaged switching elements 2505 and 2510. The figure illustrates VMs 1-4in both the top and the bottom of the figure.

The network architecture 2800 is similar to the network architecture2700 except that the network architecture 2800 additionally includes themanaged switching element 2805. The managed switching element 2805 ofsome embodiments is a second-level managed switching element thatfunctions as a pool node.

In some embodiments, tunnels are established by the network controlsystem (not shown) to facilitate communication between the networkelements. For instance, the managed switching element 2505 in thisexample is coupled to the managed switching element 2805, which runs inthe host 2810, through a tunnel that terminates at port 1 of the managedswitching element 2505 as shown. Similarly, the managed switchingelement 2510 is coupled to the managed switching element 2805 through atunnel that terminates at port 2 of the managed switching elements 2510.In contrast to the example architecture 2700 illustrated in FIG. 27above, no tunnel is established between the managed switching elements2505 and 2510.

The logical router 225 and the logical switches 220 and 230 areimplemented in the managed switching element 2505 and the second-levelmanaged switching element 2805 is involved in the data packet exchange.That is, the managed switching elements 2505 and 2510 exchange packetsthrough the managed switching element 2805.

FIG. 29 conceptually illustrates an example of a first-hop switchingelement that performs all of L2 and L3 processing on a received packetto forward and route. FIG. 29 illustrates implementation of the logicalrouter 225 and the logical switches 220 and 230 by the managed switchingelements 2505 and 2510. As shown, the entire logical processing pipeline200 is performed by the managed switching element 2505 when the managedswitching element 2505 is a first-hop switching element. The figureillustrates in the left half of the figure the logical router 225 andthe logical switches 220 and 230. This figure illustrates in the righthalf of the figure the managed switching elements 2505 and 2510. Thefigure illustrates VMs 1-4 in both the right and the left halves of thefigure.

When VM 1 that is coupled to the logical switch 220 sends a packet to VM2 that is also coupled to the same logical switch 220, the packet isfirst sent to the managed switching element 2505 through port 4 of themanaged switching element 2505 because a logical port 1 of the logicalswitch 220 through which the packet goes into the logical switch 220 isattached or mapped to port 4 of the managed switching element 2505.

The managed switching element 2505 then performs the L2 processing 205on the packet. Specifically, the managed switching element 2505 firstperforms a logical context look up to determine the logical context ofthe packet based on the information included in the header fields of thepacket. In this example, the source MAC address of the packet is a MACaddress of VM 1 and the source IP address of the packet is an IP addressof VM 1. The destination MAC address of the packet is a MAC address ofVM 2 and destination IP address of the packet is an IP address of VM 2.In this example, the logical context specifies that logical switch 220is the logical switch that is to forward the packet and that logicalport 1 of the logical switch 220 is the port through which the packetwas received. The logical context also specifies that port 2 of thelogical switch 220 is the port through which to send the packet out toVM 2 because port 2 is associated with the MAC address of VM 2.

The managed switching element 2505 then performs logical forwardinglookups based on the determined logical context of the packet. Themanaged switching element 2505 determines access control for the packet.For instance, the managed switching element 2505 determines that thepacket does not have network addresses (e.g., source/destination MAC/IPaddresses, etc.) that will cause the logical switch 220 to reject thepacket that came through port 1 of the logical switch 220. The managedswitching element 2505 also identifies from the logical context thatport 2 of the logical switch 220 is the port to send out the packet.Furthermore, the managed switching element 2505 determines accesscontrol for the packet with respect to port 2 of the logical switch 220.For instance, the managed switching element 2505 determines that thepacket does not have network addresses that will cause the logicalswitch 220 not to send the packet through the port 2 of the logicalswitch 220.

The managed switching element 2505 then performs a mapping lookup todetermine a physical port to which the logical port 2 of the logicalswitch 220 is mapped. In this example, the managed switching element2505 determines that logical port 2 of the logical switch 220 is mappedto port 4 of the managed switching element 2510. The managed switchingelement 2505 then performs a physical lookup to determine operations forforwarding the packet to the physical port. In this example, the managedswitching element 2505 determines that the packet should be sent to themanaged switching element 2510 over the tunnel established between themanaged switching elements 2505 and 2510 and get to VM 2 through port 4of the managed switching element 2510. Because VMs 1 and 2 are in thesame logical network, the managed switching element 2505 does notperform an L3 processing. The managed switching element 2510 does notperform any logical processing on the packet but just forwards thepacket to VM 2 through port 4 of the managed switching element 2510.

When VM 1 that is coupled to the logical switch 220 sends a packet to VM3 that is coupled to the logical switch 230 (i.e., when VMs 1 and 3 arein different logical networks), the packet is first sent to the managedswitching element 2505 through port 4 of the managed switching element2505. The managed switching element 2505 performs the L2 processing 205on the packet. Specifically, the managed switching element 2505 firstperforms a logical context look up to determine the logical context ofthe packet based on the information included in the header fields of thepacket. In this example, the source MAC address of the packet is a MACaddress of VM 1 and the source IP address of the packet is an IP addressof VM 1. Because the packet is sent from VM 1 to VM 3 that is in adifferent logical network, the packet has a MAC address associated withport X as the destination MAC address (i.e., 01:01:01:01:01:01 in thisexample). The destination IP address of the packet is an IP address ofVM 3 (e.g., 1.1.2.10). In this example, the logical context specifiesthat logical switch 220 is the logical switch that is to forward thepacket and that logical port 1 of the logical switch 220 is the portthrough which the packet was received. The logical context alsospecifies that port X of the logical switch 220 is the port throughwhich to send the packet out to the logical router 225 because port X isassociated with the MAC address of port 1 of the logical router 225.

The managed switching element 2505 then determines access control forthe packet. For instance, the managed switching element 2505 determinesthat the packet does not have network addresses (e.g.,source/destination MAC/IP addresses, etc.) that will cause the logicalswitch 220 to reject the packet that came through port 1 of the logicalswitch 220. The managed switching element 2505 also identifies from thelogical context that port X of the logical switch 220 is the port tosend out the packet. Furthermore, the managed switching element 2505determines access control for the packet with respect to port X. Forinstance, the managed switching element 2505 determines that the packetdoes not have network addresses that will cause the logical switch 220not to send the packet through the port X.

The managed switching element 2505 then performs the L3 processing 210on the packet because the packet's destination IP address, 1.1.2.10, isfor another logical network (i.e., when the packet's destination logicalnetwork is different than the logical network whose traffic is processedby the logical switch 220). The managed switching element 2505determines access control for the packet at L3. For instance, themanaged switching element 2505 determines that the packet does not havenetwork addresses that will cause the logical router 225 to reject thepacket that came through logical port 1 of the logical router 225. Themanaged switching element 2505 also looks up the L3 flow entries anddetermines that the packet is to be sent to the logical port 2 of thelogical router 225 because the destination IP address of the packet,1.1.2.10, belongs to the subnet address of 1.1.2.1/24 that is associatedwith the logical port 2 of the logical router 225. Furthermore, themanaged switching element 2505 determines access control for the packetwith respect to the logical port 2 of the logical router 225. Forinstance, the managed switching element 2505 determines that the packetdoes not have network addresses that will cause the logical switch 220not to send the packet through the logical port 2.

The managed switching element 2505 modifies the logical context of thepacket or the packet itself while performing the L3 processing 210. Forinstance, the managed switching element 2505 modifies the logical sourceMAC address of the packet to be the MAC address of the logical port 2 ofthe logical router 225 (i.e., 01:01:01:01:01:02 in this example). Themanaged switching element 2505 also modifies the destination MAC addressof the packet to be a MAC address of VM 3.

The managed switching element 2505 then performs the L2 processing 215.Specifically, the managed switching element 2505 determines accesscontrol for the packet. For instance, the managed switching element 2505determines that the packet does not have network addresses (e.g.,source/destination MAC/IP addresses, etc.) that will cause the logicalswitch 230 to reject the packet that came through port Y of the logicalswitch 230. The managed switching element 2505 then determines that port1 of the logical switch 230 is the port through which to send the packetout to the destination, VM 3. Furthermore, the managed switching element2505 determines access control for the packet with respect to port 1 ofthe logical switch 230. For instance, the managed switching element 2505determines that the packet does not have network addresses that willcause the logical switch 230 not to send the packet through the port 1of the logical switch 230.

The managed switching element 2505 then performs a mapping lookup todetermine a physical port to which the logical port 1 of the logicalswitch 230 is mapped. In this example, the managed switching element2505 determines that logical port 1 of the logical switch 230 is mappedto port 5 of the managed switching element 2505. The managed switchingelement 2505 then performs a physical lookup to determine operations forforwarding the packet to the physical port. In this example, the managedswitching element 2505 determines that the packet should be sent to VM 3through port 5 of the managed switching element 2505. The managedswitching element 2505 in this example removes the logical context fromthe packet before sending out the packet to VM 3. Thus, the packet didnot have to go to another managed switching element although the packetdid go through two logical switches and a logical router.

When VM 1 that is coupled to the logical switch 220 sends a packet to VM4 that is coupled to the logical switch 230, the packet is sent to VM 4in a similar manner in which the packet sent from VM 1 to VM 3 is sentto VM 3, except that the packet heading to VM 4 is sent from the managedswitching element 2505 to the managed switching element 2510 over thetunnel established between the managed switching elements 2505 and 2510and gets to VM 4 through port 5 of the managed switching element 2510.

FIGS. 30A-30B conceptually illustrate an example operation of thelogical switches 220 and 230, the logical router 225, and the managedswitching elements 2505 and 2510 described above by reference to FIG.29. Specifically, FIG. 30A illustrates an operation of the managedswitching element 2505, which implements the logical switches 220 and230 and logical router 225. FIG. 30B illustrates an operation of themanaged switching element 2505.

As shown in the bottom half of FIG. 30A, the managed switching element2505 includes L2 entries 3005 and 3015 and L3 entries 3010. Theseentries are flow entries that a controller cluster (not shown) suppliesto the managed switching element 2505. Although these entries aredepicted as three separate tables, the tables do not necessarily have tobe separate tables. That is, a single table may include all these flowentries.

When VM 1 that is coupled to the logical switch 220 sends a packet 3030to VM 4 that is coupled to the logical switch 230, the packet is firstsent to the managed switching element 2505 through port 4 of the managedswitching element 2505. The managed switching element 2505 performs anL2 processing on the packet based on the forwarding tables 3005-3015 ofthe managed switching element 2505. In this example, the packet 3030 hasa destination IP address of 1.1.2.10, which is the IP address of VM 4.The packet 3030's source IP address is 1.1.1.10. The packet 3030 alsohas VM 1's MAC address as a source MAC address and the MAC address ofthe logical port 1 (e.g., 01:01:01:01:01:01) of the logical router 225as a destination MAC address.

The managed switching element 2505 identifies a record indicated by anencircled 1 (referred to as “record 1”) in the forwarding tables thatimplements the context mapping of the stage 2605. The record 1identifies the packet 3030's logical context based on the inport, whichis the port 4 through which the packet 3030 is received from VM 1. Inaddition, the record 1 specifies that the managed switching element 2505store the logical context of the packet 3030 in a set of fields (e.g., aVLAN id field) of the packet 3030's header. The record 1 also specifiesthe packet 3030 be further processed by the forwarding tables (e.g., bysending the packet 3030 to a dispatch port). A dispatch port isdescribed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/177,535.

Based on the logical context and/or other fields stored in the packet3030's header, the managed switching element 2505 identifies a recordindicated by an encircled 2 (referred to as “record 2”) in theforwarding tables that implements the ingress ACL of the stage 2610. Inthis example, the record 2 allows the packet 3030 to be furtherprocessed (i.e., the packet 3030 can get through the ingress port of thelogical switch 220) and, thus, specifies the packet 3030 be furtherprocessed by the forwarding tables (e.g., by sending the packet 3030 toa dispatch port). In addition, the record 2 specifies that the managedswitching element 2505 store the logical context (i.e., the packet 3030has been processed by the second stage 3042 of the processing pipeline3000) of the packet 3030 in the set of fields of the packet 3030'sheader.

Next, the managed switching element 2505 identifies, based on thelogical context and/or other fields stored in the packet 3030's header,a record indicated by an encircled 3 (referred to as “record 3”) in theforwarding tables that implements the logical L2 forwarding of the stage2615. The record 3 specifies that a packet with the MAC address of thelogical port 1 of the logical router 225 as a destination MAC address isto be sent to the logical port X of the logical switch 220.

The record 3 also specifies that the packet 3030 be further processed bythe forwarding tables (e.g., by sending the packet 3030 to a dispatchport). Also, the record 3 specifies that the managed switching element2505 store the logical context (i.e., the packet 3030 has been processedby the third stage 2615 of the processing pipeline 3000) in the set offields of the packet 3030's header.

Next, the managed switching element 2505 identifies, based on thelogical context and/or other fields stored in the packet 3030's header,a record indicated by an encircled 4 (referred to as “record 4”) in theforwarding tables that implements the egress ACL of the stage 2620. Inthis example, the record 4 allows the packet 3030 to be furtherprocessed (e.g., the packet 3030 can get out of the logical switch 220through port “X” of the logical switch 220) and, thus, specifies thepacket 3030 be further processed by the flow entries of the managedswitching element 2505 (e.g., by sending the packet 3030 to a dispatchport). In addition, the record 4 specifies that the managed switchingelement 2505 store the logical context (i.e., the packet 3030 has beenprocessed by the stage 2620 of the processing pipeline 3000) of thepacket 3030 in the set of fields of the packet 3030's header. (It is tobe noted that all records specify that a managed switching elementupdate the logical context store in the set of fields whenever themanaged switching element performs some portion of logical processingbased on a record.)

The managed switching element 2505 continues processing the packet 3030based on the flow entries. The managed switching element 2505identifies, based on the logical context and/or other fields stored inthe packet 3030's header, a record indicated by an encircled 5 (referredto as “record 5”) in the L3 entries 3010 that implements L3 ingress ACLby specifying that the managed switching element 2505 should accept thepacket through the logical port 1 of the logical router 225 based on theinformation in the header of the packet 3030.

The managed switching element 2505 then identifies a flow entryindicated by an encircled 6 (referred to as “record 6”) in the L3entries 3010 that implements L3 routing 2640 by specifying that thepacket 3030 with its destination IP address (e.g., 1.1.2.10) should exitout of port 2 of the logical router 225. Also, the record 6 (or anotherrecord in the routing table, not shown) indicates that the source MACaddress for the packet 3030 is to be rewritten to the MAC address ofport 2 of the logical router 225 (i.e., 01:01:01:01:01:02).

The managed switching element 2505 then identifies a flow entryindicated by an encircled 7 (referred to as “record 7”) in the L3entries 3010 that implements L3 egress ACL by specifying that themanaged switching element 2505 allow the packet to exit out through port2 of the logical router 225 based on the information (e.g., source IPaddress) in the header of the packet 3030.

Based on the logical context and/or other fields stored in the packet3030's header, the managed switching element 2505 identifies a recordindicated by an encircled 8 (referred to as “record 8”) in the L2entries 3015 that implements the ingress ACL of the stage 2660. In thisexample, the record 8 specifies the packet 3030 be further processed bythe managed switching element 2505 (e.g., by sending the packet 3030 toa dispatch port). In addition, the record 8 specifies that the managedswitching element 2505 store the logical context (i.e., the packet 3030has been processed by the stage 2660 of the processing pipeline 3000) ofthe packet 3030 in the set of fields of the packet 3030's header.

Next, the managed switching element 2505 identifies, based on thelogical context and/or other fields stored in the packet 3030's header,a record indicated by an encircled 9 (referred to as “record 9”) in theL2 entries 3015 that implements the logical L2 forwarding of the stage2665. The record 9 specifies that a packet with the MAC address of VM 4as the destination MAC address should be forwarded through a logicalport (not shown) of the logical switch 230 that is connected to VM 4.

The record 9 also specifies that the packet 3030 be further processed bythe forwarding tables (e.g., by sending the packet 3030 to a dispatchport). Also, the record 9 specifies that the managed switching element2505 store the logical context (i.e., the packet 3030 has been processedby the stage 2665 of the processing pipeline 3000) in the set of fieldsof the packet 3030's header.

Next, the managed switching element 2505 identifies, based on thelogical context and/or other fields stored in the packet 3030's header,a record indicated by an encircled 10 (referred to as “record 10”) inthe forwarding tables that implements the egress ACL of the stage 2670.In this example, the record 10 allows the packet 3030 to exit through alogical port (not shown) that connects to VM 4 and, thus, specifies thepacket 3030 be further processed by the forwarding tables (e.g., bysending the packet 3030 to a dispatch port). In addition, the record 10specifies that the managed switching element 2505 store the logicalcontext (i.e., the packet 3030 has been processed by the stage 2670 ofthe processing pipeline 3000) of the packet 3030 in the set of fields ofthe packet 3030's header.

Based on the logical context and/or other fields stored in the packet3030's header, the managed switching element 2505 identifies a recordindicated by an encircled 11 (referred to as “record 11”) in the L2entries 3015 that implements the context mapping of the stage 2675. Inthis example, the record 11 identifies port 5 of the managed switchingelement 2510 to which VM 4 is coupled as the port that corresponds tothe logical port (determined at stage 2665) of the logical switch 230 towhich the packet 3030 is to be forwarded. The record 11 additionallyspecifies that the packet 3030 be further processed by the forwardingtables (e.g., by sending the packet 3030 to a dispatch port).

Based on the logical context and/or other fields stored in the packet3030's header, the managed switching element 2505 then identifies arecord indicated by an encircled 12 (referred to as “record 12”) in theL2 entries 3015 that implements the physical mapping of the stage 2680.The record 12 specifies port 3 of the managed switching element 2505 asa port through which the packet 3030 is to be sent in order for thepacket 3030 to reach the managed switching element 2510. In this case,the managed switching element 2505 is to send the packet 3030 out ofport 3 of managed switching element 2505 that is coupled to the managedswitching element 2510.

As shown in FIG. 30B, the managed switching element 2510 includes aforwarding table that includes rules (e.g., flow entries) for processingand routing the packet 3030. When the managed switching element 2510receives the packet 3030 from the managed switching element 2505, themanaged switching element 2510 begins processing the packet 3030 basedon the forwarding tables of the managed switching element 2510. Themanaged switching element 2510 identifies a record indicated by anencircled 1 (referred to as “record 1”) in the forwarding tables thatimplements the context mapping. The record 1 identifies the packet3030's logical context based on the logical context that is stored inthe packet 3030's header. The logical context specifies that the packet3030 has been processed by the entire logical processing 200, which wereperformed by the managed switching element 2505. As such, the record 4specifies that the packet 3030 be further processed by the forwardingtables (e.g., by sending the packet 3030 to a dispatch port).

Next, the managed switching element 2510 identifies, based on thelogical context and/or other fields stored in the packet 3030's header,a record indicated by an encircled 2 (referred to as “record 2”) in theforwarding tables that implements the physical mapping. The record 2specifies the port 5 of the managed switching element 2510 through whichthe packet 3030 is to be sent in order for the packet 3030 to reach VM4. In this case, the managed switching element 2510 is to send thepacket 3030 out of port 5 of managed switching element 2510 that iscoupled to VM 4. In some embodiments, the managed switching element 2510removes the logical context from the packet 3030 before sending thepacket to VM 4.

FIG. 31 conceptually illustrates an example software architecture of ahost on which a managed switching element runs. Specifically, thisfigure illustrates that the managed switching element that runs alogical processing pipeline to logically forward and route packets usesa NAT daemon for translating network addresses. This figure illustratesa host 3100, a managed switching element 3105, a forwarding table 3120,a NAT daemon 3110, and a NAT table 3115 in the top half of the figure.This figure illustrates flow entries 3125 and 3130.

The flow entries 3125 and 3130 are flow entries that each has aqualifier and an action. The text illustrated as flow entries 3125 and3130 may not be the actual format. Rather, the text is just a conceptualillustration of a qualifier and an action pair. In some embodiments,flow entries have priorities and a managed switching element takes theaction of the flow entry with the highest priority when qualifiers formore than one flow entry are satisfied.

The host 3100, in some embodiments, is a machine operated by anoperating system (e.g., Windows™ and Linux™) that is capable of runninga set of software applications. The managed switching element 3105 ofsome embodiments is a software switching element (e.g., Open vSwitch)that executes in the host 3100. As mentioned above, a controller cluster(not shown) configures a managed switching element by supplying flowentries that specify the functionality of the managed switching element.The managed switching element 3105 of some embodiments does not itselfgenerate flow entries.

The managed switching element 3105 of some embodiments runs all or partof the logical processing pipeline 200 described above. In particular,the managed switching element 3105 is a managed switching element (e.g.,the managed switching elements 1720 or 2505) that performs the L3processing 210 to route packets received from the machines if necessary,based on flow entries in the forwarding table 3120. In some embodiments,the managed switching element 3105 is an edge switching element thatreceives a packet from a machine (not shown) that is coupled to themanaged switching element. In some such embodiments, one or more virtualmachines (not shown) are running in the host 3100 and are coupled to themanaged switching elements 3105. In other embodiments, the managedswitching element is a second-level managed switching element.

When the managed switching element 3105 is configured to perform networkaddress translation (NAT), the managed switching element 3105 of someembodiments uses the NAT daemon 3110 for performing NAT on packets. Insome embodiments, the managed switching element 3105 does not maintain alookup table for finding an address to which to translate from a givenaddress. Instead, the managed switching element 3105 asks the NAT daemon3110 for addresses.

The NAT daemon 3110 of some embodiments is a software applicationrunning on the host 3100. The NAT daemon 3110 maintains the table 3115which includes pairings of addresses where each pair includes twoaddresses to be translated into each other. When the managed switchingelement 3105 asks for an address to which to translate from a givenaddress, the NAT daemon looks up the table 3115 to find the address intowhich the given address should be translated.

The managed switching element 3105 and the NAT daemon 3110 of differentembodiments use different techniques to ask for and supply addresses.For instance, the managed switching element 3105 of some embodimentssends a packet, which has an original address but does not have atranslated address, to the NAT daemon. The NAT daemon 3110 of theseembodiments translates the original address into a translated address.The NAT daemon 3110 sends the packet back to the managed switchingelement 3105, which will perform logical forwarding and/or routing tosend the packet towards the destination machine. In some embodiments,the managed switching element 3105 initially sends metadata, along withthe packet that contains an original address to resolve, to the NATdaemon 3110. This metadata includes information (e.g., register values,logical pipeline state, etc.) that the managed switching element 3105uses to resume performing the logical processing pipeline when themanaged switching element 3105 receives the packet back from the NATdaemon 3110.

In other embodiments, the managed switching element 3105 of someembodiments requests addresses by sending a flow template, which is aflow entry that does not have actual values for the addresses, to theNAT daemon 3110. The NAT daemon finds out the addresses to fill in theflow template by looking up the table 3115. The NAT daemon 3110 thensends the flow template that is filled in with actual addresses back tothe managed switching element 3110 by putting the filled-in flowtemplate into the forwarding table 3120. In some embodiments, the NATdaemon assigns a priority value to the filled-in flow template that ishigher than the priority value of the flow template that is not filledin. Moreover, when the NAT daemon 3110 fails to find a translatedaddress, the NAT daemon would specify in the flow template to drop thepacket.

An example operation of the managed switching element 3105 and the NATdaemon 3110 will now be described in terms of three different stages 1-3(encircled 1-3). In this example, the managed switching element 3105 isa managed edge switching element that receives a packet to forward androute from a machine (not shown). The managed switching element 3105receives a packet and performs the L3 processing 210 based on the flowentries in the forwarding table 3120.

While performing the L3 processing 210 on the packet, the managedswitching element 3105 (at stage 1) identifies the flow entry 3125 andperforms the action specified in the flow entry 3125. As shown, the flowentry 3125 indicates that a flow template having an IP address 1.1.1.10to be translated to X should be sent to the NAT daemon 3110. In thisexample, the flow entry 3125 has a priority value of N, which is anumber in some embodiments.

At stage 2, the NAT daemon 3110 receives the flow template and finds outthat 1.1.1.10 is to be translated into 2.1.1.10 by looking up the NATtable 3115. The NAT daemon fills out the flow template and inserts thefilled-in template (now the flow entry 3130) into the forwarding table3120. In this example, the NAT daemon assigns a priority of N+1 to thefilled-in template.

At stage 3, the managed switching element 3110 uses the flow entry 3130to change the address for the packet. Also, for the packets that themanaged switching element 3105 subsequently processes, the managedswitching element 3105 uses flow entry 3130 over the flow entry 3125when a packet has the source IP address of 1.1.1.10.

In some embodiments, the NAT daemon 3110 and the managed switchingelement run in a same virtual machine that is running on the host 3100or in different virtual machines running on the host 3100. The NATdaemon 3110 and the managed switching element may also run in separatehosts.

FIG. 32 conceptually illustrates a process 3200 that some embodimentsperform to translate network addresses. In some embodiments, the process3200 is performed by a managed switching element that performs an L3processing 210 to route packets at L3 (e.g., the managed switchingelements 1720, 2505, or 3105). The process 3200, in some embodiments,starts when the process receives a packet that is to be logically routedat L3.

The process 3200 begins by determining (at 3205) whether the packetneeds network address translation (NAT). In some embodiments, theprocess determines whether the packet needs NAT based on flow entry. Theflow entry, of which the qualifier matches the information stored in thepacket's header or logical context, specifies that the packet needs NAT.As mentioned above, NAT could be SNAT or DNAT. The flow entry would alsospecify which NAT is to be performed on the packet.

When the process 3200 determines (at 3205) that the packet does not needNAT, the process ends. Otherwise, the process 3200 determines (at 3210)whether the process 3200 needs to request for an address into which totranslate a packet's address (e.g., source IP address) from a NATdaemon. In some embodiments, the process 3200 determines whether theprocess needs to ask the NAT daemon based on the flow entry. Forinstance, the flow entry may specify that the address into which totranslate the packet's address should be obtained by requesting for theaddress from the NAT daemon. In some embodiments, the process determinesthat the NAT daemon should provide the translated address when the flowentry is a flow template that has an empty field for the translatedaddress or some other value in the field for indicating the translatedaddress should be obtained from the NAT daemon.

When the process determines (at 3210) that the process does not need torequest for an address from the NAT daemon, the process obtains (at3220) the translated address from the flow entry. For instance, the flowentry would provide the translated address. The process then proceeds to3225, which will be described further below. When the process determines(at 3210) that the process needs to request for an address from the NATdaemon, the process 3200 at 3215 requests for and obtains the translatedaddress from the NAT daemon. In some embodiments, the process 3200requests for the translated address by sending a flow template to theNAT daemon. The NAT daemon would fill the flow template with thetranslated address and will place that filled-in flow template in theforwarding table (not shown) that the process uses.

Next, the process 3200 modifies (at 3225) the packet with the translatedaddress. In some embodiments, the process modifies an address field inthe header of the packet. Alternatively or conjunctively, the processmodifies the logical context to replace the packet's address with thetranslated address. The process then ends.

It is to be noted that the MAC addresses, IP addresses, and othernetwork addresses used above and below in this application are examplesfor illustrative purpose and may not have the values in the allowableranges unless specified otherwise.

II. Next-Hop Virtualization

Logical networks interfacing external networks need to interact with anext-hop router. The virtualization applications of differentembodiments use different models to interface a logical L3 network withexternal networks through a next-hop router.

First, in a fixed attachment model, the physical infrastructureinteracts with a set of managed integration elements that will receiveall the ingress traffic for a given IP prefix and will send all theegress traffic back to the physical network. In this model, logicalabstraction can be a single logical uplink port for the logical L3router per a given set of managed integration elements. In someembodiments, there could be more than a single integration cluster. Thelogical control plane that is provided by the control application isresponsible for routing outbound, egress traffic towards the uplink(s).In some embodiments, examples of managed integration elements includesecond-level managed switching elements that function as extenders,which are described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/177,535. Theexamples of managed integration elements also include the managedswitching element described above by reference to FIGS. 8, 9, and 10.

Second, in a distributed attachment model, the virtualizationapplication distributes the attachment throughout managed edge switchingelements that it connects. To do so, the managed edge switching elementshave to integrate to the physical routing infrastructure. In otherwords, each managed edge switching element has to be able to communicatewith the physical routing infrastructure outside of the group of managedswitching elements. In some embodiments, these switching elements usethe IGP protocol (or other routing protocol) to communicate with thephysical switching elements (e.g., the physical routers) that sendpackets into the logical network (implemented by the managed switchingelements) and receive packets from the logical network. Using thisprotocol the managed edge switching elements of some embodiments canadvertise host routes (/32) to attract direct ingress traffic to itsproper location. While, in some embodiments, there is no centralizedtraffic hotspot as the ingress and egress traffic is completelydistributed over the managed switching elements, the logical abstractionis still a single logical uplink port for the logical L3 router and thelogical control plane is responsible for routing traffic to the uplink.Nothing prevents having more than a single uplink port exposed for thelogical control plane if that is beneficial for the control plane.However, the number of uplink ports does not have to match with thenumber of attachment points in this model.

Third, in a control plane driven model, the logical control plane isresponsible for integrating with the external network. Control plane isexposed with one-to-one routing integration; for every attachment pointin the physical network, there's a logical port. Logical control planehas the responsibility to peer with next-hop routers at the routingprotocol level.

The three models all hit different design trade-offs: fixed attachmentmodel implies non-optimal physical traffic routes, but require lessintegration with the physical infrastructure. Of the distributed models,the fully distributed model scales best, in some embodiments, as thelogical control plane is not responsible for all the peering traffic,which in the extreme could be thousands of peering sessions. However,the control plane driven model gives the maximal control for the logicalcontrol plane. The maximal control requires policy routing, though, asthe egress port has to depend on the ingress port if optimal physicalroutes are desired.

III. Stateful Packet Operations

Stateful packet operations place NAT on a logical L3 datapath for therouted traffic. In the logical pipeline, network address translation isdone in an extra NAT stage before or after the actual standard L3pipeline. In other words, network address translation hits the packetbefore or after the routing. In some embodiments, NAT configuration isdone via flow templates that create the actual address translationentries. Flow templates will be further described below.

Placing the NAT functionality is one feature that deviates from theapproach of performing all or most of the logical packet processing infirst hop. The basic model of executing most or all of the operations atthe first-hop places the processing of packets flowing in oppositedirections at different first-hop switching elements in someembodiments: for a given transport level flow, the packets in onedirection would be sent through the logical pipeline at one end, and thepackets in the reverse direction would be sent through the pipeline atthe other end. Unfortunately, the per flow NAT state can be fairly rich(especially if NAT supports higher level application protocols) and thestate has to be shared between the directions, for a given transportflow.

Hence, some embodiments let the first-hop switching elements of thelogical port receive the opening packet of the transport flow to executethe logical pipelines to both directions. For example, if VM A opens aTCP connection to VM B, then the edge switching element connected to thehypervisor (which may run on the same machine as the hypervisor) of VM Abecomes responsible for sending the packets through the logicalpipelines to both directions. This allows for purely distributed NATfunctionality, as well as having multiple NATs in the logical networktopology. The first-hop switching element will execute all the necessaryNAT translations, regardless how many there are, and the network addresstranslation just becomes an extra step in the LDPS pipelines the packettraverses (within that switching element).

However, placing the feeding of the packets sent in the reversedirection through the logical pipelines requires additional measures;otherwise, the first-hop switching element for the reverse packets willexecute the processing (without having the NAT state locally available).For this purpose, some embodiments allow the first packet sent from thesource edge switching element (of VM A above) to the destination edgeswitching element (of VM B above), to establish a special “hint state”that makes the destination switching element send the reverse packets ofthat transport flow directly to the source switching element withoutprocessing. The source switching element will then execute the pipelinesin the reverse direction and reverse the NAT operations using the localNAT state for the reverse packets. Some embodiments use the flowtemplates (which are described below) to establish this reverse hintstate at the destination switching element, so that the controller doesnot need to be involved per flow operations.

The next two figures, FIGS. 33 and 34 illustrate placing NATfunctionality and the hint state. FIG. 33 conceptually illustrates thata first-hop switching element of some embodiments performs the entirelogical processing pipeline 200 including the NAT operation 2645. FIG.33 is identical with FIG. 29 except that the logical processing pipeline200 includes the NAT operation 2645 depicted in the L3 processing 220 toindicate that the NAT operation 2645 is performed.

A managed switching element of some embodiments that implements alogical router performs a NAT operation on a packet after the packet isrouted by the logical router. For instance, when VM 1 that is coupled tothe logical switch 220 sends a packet to VM 4 that is coupled to thelogical switch 230, the managed switching element 2505 translates thesource IP address (e.g., 1.1.1.10) of the packet into a different IPaddress (e.g., 3.1.1.10) before sending the packet out to the managedswitching element 2510. The managed switching element 2505 performs theNAT operation 2645 based on a set of NAT rules (e.g., flow entries)configured in the managed switching element 2505 by the controllercluster (not shown) that manages the managed switching element 2505.

The packet that VM 4 receives has the translated IP address, 3.1.1.10,as the packet's source IP address. A return packet from VM 4 to VM 1will have this translated address as the packet's destination IPaddress. Thus, the translated IP address has to be translated back to VM1's IP address in order for this packet to reach VM 1. However, themanaged switching element 2510 of some embodiments would not perform theNAT operation 2645 to recover VM 1's IP address for the returning packetbecause the NAT rules for performing NAT operations are only in themanaged switching element 2505 and are not in the managed switchingelement 2510. In this manner, the NAT rules and the state do not have tobe shared by all potential managed edge switching elements.

FIG. 34 conceptually illustrates an example of such embodiments.Specifically, FIG. 34 illustrates that the managed switching element2510 does not perform a logical processing pipeline when sending thereturning packet to the managed switching element 2505. This figure alsoillustrates that the managed switching element 2505, upon receiving areturning packet from the managed switching element 2510, performs thelogical processing pipeline 200 as if the managed switching element 2505were the first-hop switching element with respect to this returningpacket. FIG. 34 is identical with FIG. 33 except the logical processingpipeline is depicted in the opposite direction (with arrows pointing tothe left). FIG. 34 also illustrates a rule 3400 and a forwarding table3405.

The rule 3400, in some embodiments, is a flow entry in the forwardingtable 3405 that is configured by a controller cluster (not shown) thatmanages the managed network switching element 2510. The rule 3400specifies (or “hints”) that when the managed switching element 2510receives a packet originating from the managed switching element 2505,the managed switching element 2510 should not perform a logicalprocessing pipeline on the returning packets to the managed switchingelement 2505.

When the managed switching element 2510 receives from the managedswitching element 2505 a packet on which the managed switching element2505 has performed a NAT operation, the managed switching element 2510finds the rule 3400 based on the information included in the packet'sheader (e.g., logical context). Also, the managed switching element2510, in some embodiments, modifies one or more other flow entries toindicate that no logical processing pipeline should be performed onpackets from the destination machine (e.g., VM 4) of the received packetthat are headed to the source machine (e.g., VM 1).

The managed switching element 2510 then forwards this packet to thedestination machine, e.g., VM 4. When the managed switching element 2510receives a returning packet from VM 4 that is headed to VM 1, themanaged switching element 2510 will not perform a logical processingpipeline on this packet. That is, the managed switching element 2510will not perform logical forwarding at L2 or logical routing at L3. Themanaged switching element 2510 will simply indicate in the logicalcontext for this packet that no logical processing has been performed onthe packet.

When the managed switching element 2505 receives this packet from themanaged switching element 2510, the managed switching element 2505performs the logical processing pipeline 200. Specifically, the managedswitching element 2505 first performs a logical context look up todetermine the logical context of the packet based on the informationincluded in the header fields of the packet. In this example, the sourceMAC address of the packet is a MAC address of VM 4 and the source IPaddress of the packet is an IP address of VM 4. Because the packet issent from VM 4 to VM 1 that is in a different logical network, thepacket has a MAC address associated with port Y of the logical switch230 as the destination MAC address (i.e., 01:01:01:01:01:02 in thisexample). The destination IP address of the packet is the NAT'ed IPaddress of VM 1 (i.e., 3.1.1.10).

The managed switching element 2505 then determines access control forthe packet with respect to the logical switch 230. For instance, themanaged switching element 2505 determines that the packet does not havenetwork addresses (e.g., source/destination MAC/IP addresses, etc.) thatwill cause the logical switch 230 to reject the packet that came throughport 2 of the logical switch 230. The managed switching element 2505also identifies from the logical context that port Y of the logicalswitch 230 is the port to send out the packet. Furthermore, the managedswitching element 2505 determines access control for the packet withrespect to port Y. For instance, the managed switching element 2505determines that the packet does not have network addresses that willcause the logical switch 230 not to send the packet through the port Y.

Next, the managed switching element 2505 performs the NAT operation 2645on the packet to translate the destination IP address back to the IPaddress of VM 1. That is, the managed switching element 2505 in thisexample replaces 3.1.1.10 with 1.1.1.10 based on the NAT rules. Themanaged switching element 2505 then performs an L3 processing on thepacket because the packet's destination IP address, now 1.1.1.10, is foranother logical network. The managed switching element 2505 determinesingress access control for the packet at L3 with respect to port 2 ofthe logical router 225. The managed switching element 2505 also looks upthe flow entries and determines that the packet is to be sent to thelogical port 1 of the logical router 225 because the destination IPaddress of the packet, 1.1.1.10, belongs to the subnet address of1.1.1.1/24 that is associated with the logical port 1 of the logicalrouter 225. Furthermore, the managed switching element 2505 determinesegress access control for the packet with respect to the logical port 1of the logical router 225. The managed switching element 2505 alsomodifies the destination MAC address of the packet to be a MAC addressof VM 1.

The managed switching element 2505 then performs the L2 processing 215.In this example, the source MAC address of the packet is now a MACaddress of logical port 1 of the logical router 225 and the source IPaddress of the packet is still the IP address of VM 4. The destinationIP address of the packet is the IP address of VM 1 (i.e., 1.1.1.10). Inthis example, the logical context specifies that logical switch 220 isthe logical switch that is to forward the packet and that logical port Xof the logical switch 220 is the port through which the packet wasreceived. The logical context also specifies that port 1 of the logicalswitch 220 is the port through which to send the packet out to thedestination, VM 1, because port 1 is associated with the MAC address ofVM 1.

The managed switching element 2505 then performs logical forwardinglookups based on the logical context of the packet, includingdetermining ingress and egress access control with respect to port X andport 1 of the logical switch 220, respectively. The managed switchingelement 2505 performs a mapping lookup to determine a physical port towhich the logical port 1 of the logical switch 220 is mapped. In thisexample, the managed switching element 2505 determines that logical port1 of the logical switch 220 is mapped to port 4 of the managed switchingelement 2505. The managed switching element 2505 then performs aphysical lookup to determine operations for forwarding the packet to thephysical port. In this example, the managed switching element 2505determines that the packet should be sent to VM 1 through port 4 of themanaged switching element 2505.

FIG. 35 conceptually illustrates a process 3500 that some embodimentsperform to send a packet to a destination machine whose address isNAT'ed. The process 3500, in some embodiments, is performed by a managededge switching element that receives a packet directly from a sourcemachine.

The process 3500 begins by receiving (at 3505) a packet from a sourcemachine. The process then determines (at 3510) whether the packet isheaded to a destination machine whose address is NAT'ed. In someembodiments, the process determines whether the packet is headed to suchdestination machine by looking up flow entries that match theinformation included in the header of the packet (e.g., destination IPaddress). One or more flow entries specify that no logical processing(e.g., logical forwarding at L2 or logical routing at L3) should beperformed on this packet when the packet is addressed to a destinationmachine whose address is NAT'ed. Other flow entries specify that logicalprocessing should be performed when the packet is addressed to adestination machine whose address is not NAT'ed.

When the process 3500 determines (at 3510) that the packet is headed toa destination machine whose address is NAT'ed, the process 3515 proceedsto 3520 which will be described further below. When the process 3500determines (at 3510) that the packet is headed to a destination machinewhose address is not NAT'ed, the process 3500 performs logicalprocessing on the packet (e.g., logical forwarding at L2 and/or logicalrouting at L3).

The process 3500 then sends (at 3520) the packet to the next hop managedswitching element in route to the destination machine. The process 3500then ends.

Note above, the controllers are not involved in the per packetoperations. The logical control plane only provisions the FIB rulesidentifying what should be network address translated. All per flowstate is established by the datapath (Open vSwitch).

The embodiments described above utilize Source NAT'ing. However, someembodiments use Destination NAT'ing (DNAT'ing) along the same lines. Inthe case of DNAT'ing, all the processing can be done at the sourcemanaged edge switching element.

Moreover, in the case of placing the NAT functionality between theexternal and logical network, the operations are no different from theone described above. In this case, for the flows incoming from theexternal network, the NAT state will be held at the extender (which inthis case would be the first-hop managed edge switching element) forboth directions. On the other hand, for transport flows initiatedtowards the external network, the state will be held at the managed edgeswitching element attached to the originating host/VM.

With this purely distributed approach for the network addresstranslation, VM mobility support requires migrating the established NATstate with the VM to the new hypervisor. Without migrating the NATstate, the transport connections will break. For such conditions, someembodiments are designed to expect the NAT to respond with TCP reset topackets sent to closed/non-existing TCP flows. More advancedimplementations will integrate with the VM management systemfacilitating the migration of the NAT state together with the VM; inthis case, the transport connections do not have to break.

FIG. 36 illustrates an example of migrating NAT state from a first hostto a second host as a VM migrates from the first host to the secondhost. Specifically, this figure illustrates using a hypervisor of thefirst host to migrate the VM and the NAT state associated with the VM.The figure illustrates two hosts 3600 and 3630.

As shown, the host 3600 in this example is a source host from which a VM3625 is migrating to the host 3630. In the host 3600, a NAT daemon 3610and a managed switching element 3605 are running. The NAT daemon 3610 issimilar to the NAT daemon 3110 described above by reference to FIG. 31.The NAT daemon 3610 maintains the NAT table 3115 which includes mappingsof original and translated addresses. The managed switching element 3605uses the NAT daemon 3610 to obtain translated address. The managedswitching element, in some embodiments, sends flow templates to the NATdaemon 3610 to send original addresses and to obtain translatedaddresses as described above.

The hypervisor 3680 creates and manages VMs running in the host 3600. Insome embodiments, the hypervisor 3680 notifies the managed switchingelement 3605 and/or the NAT daemon 3610 of a migration of a VM runningin the host 3600 out of the host 3600 before the VM migrates to anotherhost. The managed switching element 3605 and/or the NAT daemon 3610 getssuch notifications by registering for callbacks in the event of a VMmigration in some embodiments.

In some such embodiments, the managed switching element 3605 asks theNAT daemon to fetch the NAT state (e.g., address mapping for the VM andprotocol information, etc.) associated with the migrating VM and toprovide the NAT state to the hypervisor 3680. In some embodiments, theNAT daemon 3610 provides the NAT state associated with the migrating VMto the hypervisor 3680 when the NAT daemon 3610 is directly notified ofthe migration by the hypervisor 3680. The hypervisor 3680 then migratesthe NAT state to the destination host along with the migrating VM.

In some embodiments, the NAT daemon 3610 sends the NAT state associatedwith the migrating VM directly to the NAT daemon running in thedestination host. In these embodiments, the NAT daemon 3610 and/or themanaged switching element 3605 notifies the hypervisor 3680 of thecompletion of the migration of the NAT state so that the hypervisor 3680can start migrating the VM to the destination host.

In some embodiments, the managed switching element 3605 also providesthe flow entries related to the migrating VM to the hypervisor 3680 orto the managed switching element running in the destination host. Whenthe hypervisor 3680 is provided with the flow entries, the hypervisor3680 sends the flow entries to the flow table of the managed switchingelement running in the destination host. The migration of flow entriesto the destination host is optional since the NAT state alone willenable the managed switching element running in the destination host toobtain translated addresses for the migrating VM.

An example operation of the source host 3600 will now be described. Whenthe hypervisor 3680 is to migrate VM 3625 (e.g., per user input orinputs from a control cluster), the hypervisor 3680 notifies the managedswitching element 3605. The managed switching element 3605 in thisexample then asks the NAT daemon 3610 to fetch the NAT state associatedwith VM 3625 and send the fetched state to the hypervisor 3680.

The hypervisor 3680 then migrates the VM 3625 to the destination host3630 by moving the data of the VM. In some embodiments, the hypervisor3680 is capable of live migration by capturing the running state of theVM 3625 and sending the state to the VM 3625. The hypervisor 3680 alsomoves the fetched NAT state to the NAT table 3645 of the host 3630 sothat the managed switching element 3635 running in the host 3630 canobtain translated addresses from the NAT daemon 3640 for VM 3625 justmigrated into the host 3630.

FIG. 37 illustrates another example of migrating NAT state from a firsthost to a second host as a VM migrates from the first host to the secondhost. Specifically, this figure illustrates using a control cluster toask a hypervisor of the first host to fetch the NAT state associatedwith the migrating VM and to send the NAT state to the second host. Thefigure illustrates two hosts 3600 and 3630. However, a hypervisor 3680running in the host 3600 in this example does not support notificationsto the managed switching element or the NAT daemon running in the sourcehost.

Because the hypervisor 3680 of some embodiments does not notify themanaged switching element or the NAT daemon of a migration of a VM to adestination host, the NAT state associated with the migrating VM is sentto the destination host after the hypervisor 3680 starts or completesmigrating a VM to the destination host. In particular, the managedswitching element 3635, in some embodiments, would detect migration ofVM 3625 by, e.g., detecting the MAC address of 3625 that is new to themanaged switching element 3635. The managed switching element 3635notifies the control cluster 3705 the addition of VM 3625 (therefore anew port of the managed switching element 3635 for the VM 3625).

The control cluster 3705 is similar to the control clusters 1105 and2205 described above. Upon receiving the notification from the managedswitching element 3635 of the addition of VM, the control cluster 3705asks the hypervisor 3680 running in the source host 3600 to fetch theNAT state associated with the migrated VM 3625 and update the NAT table3645 with the fetched NAT state. In some embodiments, the controlcluster 3705 additionally asks to fetch flow entries associated with themigrated VM 3625 and put those flow entries in the flow table 3650 ofthe destination host 3630.

In some embodiments, the control cluster 3705 may directly ask themanaged switching element and/or the NAT daemon 3610 to send the NATstate and/or flow entries to the NAT daemon 3640 and/or the managedswitching element 3635 so that the NAT table 3645 and/or 3650 areupdated with the NAT state and/or flow entries associated with themigrated VM 3625.

An example operation of the source host 3600, the destination host 3630,and the control cluster 3705 will now be described. When the hypervisor3680 is to migrate VM 3625 (e.g., per user input or inputs from acontrol cluster), the hypervisor 3680 migrates the VM 3625 by moving theconfiguration data or the running state of the VM 3625 to the host 3630.The VM 3625, now running in the host 3630, sends a packet to the managedswitching element 3635. The managed switching element 3635 in thisexample detects the migration of VM 3625 to the host 3630 by recognizingthat the source MAC address of the packet is new to the managedswitching element 3635. The managed switching element 3605 in thisexample then notifies the control cluster 3705 of the addition of VM3625 (or, a creation of a new port for the VM 3625).

The control cluster 3705 then asks the hypervisor 3680 to fetch the NATstate associated with VM 3625 and to send the NAT state to thedestination host 3630. The managed switching element 3635 running in thedestination host 3630 can obtain translated addresses from the NATdaemon 3640 for VM 3625 that has just migrated into the host 3630.

IV. Load-Balancing

Some embodiments implement load balancing as an extra step in the L3pipeline. For instance, some embodiments implement a logical bundlebased load-balancing step followed by a destination network addresstranslation. In some embodiments, the logical router (that provides theload-balance service) hosts the virtual IP address, and hence willrespond to the ARP requests sent to the virtual IP address (VIP). Withthis, the virtual IP will remain functional even if the traffic is sentto the VIP from the same L2 domain in which the cluster members exist.

FIG. 38 illustrates an example physical implementation of logicalswitches and a logical router that performs load balancing. Inparticular, this figure illustrates a centralized L3 routing model inwhich the logical router is implemented by an L3 router or a managedswitching element based on flow entries. This figure illustrates managedswitching elements 3805-3825 and VMs 3830-3850. This figure alsoillustrates a logical processing pipeline that includes L2 processing3855, DNAT and load balancing 3860, L3 routing 3865, and L2 processing3870 and 3875.

The managed switching element 3805 of some embodiments is a second-levelmanaged switching element functioning as an extender. The managedswitching element 3805 in some such embodiments is similar to themanaged switching elements 810 and 1910 described above in that themanaged switching element 3805 implements a logical router (not shown)based on flow entries (not shown) or is running in the same host onwhich an L3 router that implements the logical router is running. Inaddition, the managed switching element 3805 performs DNAT and loadbalancing 3860 to translate a destination address into another addressand balance the load among different machines (e.g., VMs) that providethe same service (e.g., a web service).

The managed switching elements 3805-3825 implement logical switches (notshown) to which VMs 3830-3850 are connected. The VMs 3840 and 3850 inthis example provide the same service. That is, the VMs 3840 and 3850,in some embodiments, collectively act as a server that provides the sameservice. However, the VMs 3850 and 3850 are separate VMs that havedifferent IP addresses. The managed switching element 3805 or the L3router (not shown) used by the managed switching element 3805 perform aload balancing to distribute workload among the VMs 3840 and 3850.

In some embodiments, load balancing is achieved by translating thedestination address of the packets requesting the service into differentaddresses of the VMs providing the service. In particular, the managedswitching element 3805 or the L3 router (not shown) used by the managedswitching element 3805 translates the destination addresses of therequest packets into addresses of the several VMs 3840 and 3850 suchthat no particular VM of the VMs gets too much more workload than theother VMs do. More details about finding the current workload of theservice-providing VMs will be described further below.

In some embodiments, the managed switching element 3805 or the L3 routerperform an L3 routing 3865 after performing DNAT and load balancing 3860of the logical processing pipeline. Therefore, the managed switchingelement 3805 or the L3 router route the packets to different managedswitching elements based on the translated destination addresses inthese embodiments. The managed switching elements 3820 and 3825 are edgeswitching elements and thus send and receive packets to and from the VMs3840 and 3850 directly. In other embodiments, the managed switchingelement 3805 or the L3 router performs the L3 routing 3865 beforeperforming DNAT and load balancing 3860 of the logical processingpipeline.

An example operation of the managed switching element 3805 will now bedescribed. The managed switching element 3810 receives a packetrequesting a service collectively provided by the VMs 3840 and 3850.This packet comes from one of VM 3830, specifically, from an applicationthat uses a particular protocol. The packet in this example includes aprotocol number that identifies the particular protocol. The packet alsoincludes an IP address that represents the server providing the serviceas destination IP address. The details of performing source L2processing 3855 on this packet are omitted for simplicity of descriptionbecause it is similar to the source L2 processing examples describedabove and below.

After the source L2 processing 3855 is performed to route the packet tothe managed switching element 3805 for performing an L3 processing thatincludes L3 routing 3865. In this example, the managed switching element3805 performs the DNAT and load balancing 3860 on the packet. That is,the managed switching element 3805 translates the destination IP addressof the packet into an IP address of one of the VMs that provides theservice. In this example, the managed switching element 3805 selects oneof VMs 3840-3850 that has the least workload among the VMs 3840-3850.The managed switching element 3805 performs L3 routing 3865 on thepacket (i.e., routes the packet) based on the new destination IPaddress.

The managed switching element 3820 receives the packet because thedestination IP address is of one of the VMs 3840 and this destination IPis resolved into the MAC address of the VM. The managed switchingelement 3820 forwards the packet to the VM. This VM will return packetsto the application that originally requested the service. Thesereturning packets will reach the managed switching element 3805 and themanaged switching element 3805 will perform NATs and identify that theapplication is the destination of these packets.

FIG. 39 illustrates another example physical implementation of logicalswitches and a logical router that performs load balancing. Inparticular, this figure illustrates a distributed L3 routing model inwhich the logical router is implemented by a managed switching elementthat also performs source and destination L2 processing. That is, thismanaged switching element performs the entire logical processingpipeline. This figure illustrates managed switching elements 3905 and3820-3825 and VMs 3910 and 3840-3850. This figure also illustrates alogical processing pipeline that includes the L2 processing 3855, theDNAT and load balancing 3860, the L3 routing 3865, and the L2 processing3870-3875.

The managed switching element 3905 of some embodiments is similar to themanaged switching elements 2505 described above by reference to FIG. 29in that the managed switching element 3905 implements the entire logicalprocessing pipeline. That is, the managed switching element 3905implements the logical router and logical switches. In addition, themanaged switching element 3905 performs DNAT and load balancing 3860 totranslate a destination address into another address and balance theload among different machines (e.g., VMs) that provide the same service(e.g., a web service).

As mentioned above, the managed switching element 3905 implementslogical switches (not shown) to which VMs 3910 and 3840-3850 areconnected. The managed switching element 3905 also performs a loadbalancing to distribute workload among the VMs 3840 and 3850. Inparticular, the managed switching element 3905 translates thedestination addresses of the request packets into addresses of theseveral VMs 3840 and 3850 such that no particular VM of the VMs gets toomuch more workload than the other VMs do. More details about findingcurrent workload of the service-providing VMs will be described furtherbelow.

In some embodiments, the managed switching element 3905 performs an L3routing 3865 after performing DNAT and load balancing 3860 of thelogical processing pipeline. Therefore, the managed switching element3905 routes the packets to different managed switching elements based onthe translated destination addresses. The managed switching elements3820 and 3825 are edge switching elements and thus send and receivepackets to and from the VMs 3840 and 3850 directly. In otherembodiments, the managed switching element 3905 performs the L3 routing3865 before performing DNAT and load balancing 3860 of the logicalprocessing pipeline.

The operation of the managed switching element 3905 would be similar tothe example operation described above by reference to FIG. 38, exceptthat the managed switching element 3905 performs the entire logicalprocessing pipeline including the DNAT and load balancing 3860.

FIG. 40 illustrates yet another example physical implementation oflogical switches and a logical router that performs load balancing. Inparticular, this figure illustrates a distributed L3 routing model inwhich the logical router is implemented by a managed switching elementthat also performs source L2 processing. That is, this managed switchingelement as a first-hop managed switching element performs the source L2processing and the L3 processing. The destination L2 processing isperformed by another managed switching element that is a last-hopmanaged switching element. This figure illustrates managed switchingelements 4005 and 3820-3825 and VMs 4010 and 3840-3850. This figure alsoillustrates a logical processing pipeline that includes the L2processing 3855, the DNAT and load balancing 3860, the L3 routing 3865,and the L2 processing 3870-3875.

The managed switching element 4005 of some embodiments is similar to themanaged switching elements 2505 described above by reference to FIG. 46in that the managed switching element 4005 performs the source L2processing and the L3 processing of the logical processing pipeline.That is, the managed switching element 4005 implements the logicalrouter and a logical switch that is connected to a source machine. Inaddition, the managed switching element 4005 performs DNAT and loadbalancing 3860 to translate destination address into another address andbalance the load among different machines (e.g., VMs) that provide thesame service (e.g., a web service).

As mentioned above, the managed switching element 4005 implements alogical switch (not shown) to which one or more of VMs 4010 areconnected. The managed switching element 4005 also performs a loadbalancing to distribute workload among the VMs 3840 and 3850. Inparticular, the managed switching element 4005 translates thedestination addresses of the request packets into addresses of theseveral VMs 3840 and 3850 such that no particular VM of the VMs gets toomuch more workload than the other VMs do. More details about finding thecurrent workload of the service-providing VMs will be described furtherbelow.

In some embodiments, the managed switching element 4005 performs an L3routing 3865 after performing DNAT and load balancing 3860 of thelogical processing pipeline. Therefore, the managed switching element4005 routes the packets to different managed switching elements based onthe translated destination addresses. The managed switching elements3820 and 3825 are edge switching elements and thus send and receivepackets to and from the VMs 3840 and 3850 directly. In otherembodiments, the managed switching element 4005 performs the L3 routing3865 before performing DNAT and load balancing 3860 of the logicalprocessing pipeline.

The operation of the managed switching element 4005 would be similar tothe example operation described above by reference to FIG. 38, exceptthat different managed switching elements perform different portions ofthe logical processing pipeline.

FIG. 41 conceptually illustrates a load balancing daemon that balancesload among the machines that collectively provides a service (e.g., webservice). Specifically, this figure illustrates that a managed switchingelement that runs a logical processing pipeline to logically forward androute packets uses a load balancing daemon for balancing workload amongthe machines providing the service. This figure illustrates a host 4100,a managed switching element 4105, a forwarding table 4120, a loadbalancing daemon 4110, and an connection table 4115 in the top half ofthe figure. This figure illustrates flow entries 4125 and 4130.

The flow entries 4125 and 4130 each has a qualifier and an action. Thetext illustrated as flow entries 4125 and 4130 may not be in an actualformat. Rather, the text is just a conceptual illustration of aqualifier and an action pair. The host 4100, in some embodiments, is amachine operated by an operating system (e.g., Windows™ and Linux™) thatis capable of running a set of software applications. The managedswitching element 4105 of some embodiment is a software switchingelement (e.g., Open vSwitch) that executes in the host 4100. Asmentioned above, a controller cluster (not shown) configures a managedswitching element by supplying flow entries that specify thefunctionality of the managed switching element. The managed switchingelement 4105 of some embodiments does not itself generate flow entries.

The managed switching element 4105 of some embodiments runs all or partof the logical processing pipeline described above by reference to FIGS.38-40. In particular, the managed switching element 4105 performs the L3processing to route packets received from the machines if necessary,based on flow entries in the forwarding table 4120. In some embodiments,the managed switching element 4105 is an edge switching element thatreceives a packet from a machine (not shown) that is coupled to themanaged switching element. In some such embodiments, one or more virtualmachines (not shown) are running in the host 4100 and are coupled to themanaged switching elements 4105.

When the managed switching element 4105 is configured to perform loadbalancing, the managed switching element 4105 of some embodiments usesthe load balancing daemon 4110 for performing load balancing on packets.The load balancing daemon 4110 is similar to the NAT daemon 3110 in thatthe load balancing daemon 4110 provides a translated destination address(e.g., a destination IP address). In addition, the load balancing daemon4110 selects a destination into which to translate the originaldestination address based on the current load of the machines, the IPaddresses of which are included in the table 4115.

The load balancing daemon 4110 of some embodiments is a softwareapplication running on the host 4100. The load balancing daemon 4110maintains the connection table 4115 which includes pairings ofconnection identifiers and available addresses of the machines thatprovide the service. Though not depicted, the connection table 4115 ofsome embodiments may also include the current workload quantified for amachine associated with an address. In some embodiments, the loadbalancing daemon 4110 periodically communicates with the VMs providingthe service to get the updated state of the VMs, including the currentworkload on the VMs.

When the managed switching element 4105 asks for an address to selectbased on connection identifiers, the load balancing daemon, in someembodiments, looks up the table 4115 to find the address into which thegiven destination address should be translated. In some embodiments, theload balancing daemon runs a scheduling method to identify a server VMin order to balance the load among the server VMs. Such a schedulingalgorithm considers the current load on the machine associated with theaddress. More details and examples of load balancing methods aredescribed in the U.S. Provisional Patent Application 61/560,279, whichis incorporated herein by reference.

The connection identifiers uniquely identify a connection between therequester of the service (i.e., the origin or source of the packet) andthe machine that ends up providing the requested service so that thepackets returning from the machine can be accurately relayed back to therequester. The source IP addresses of these returning packets will betranslated back to an IP address (referred to as “virtual IP address”)that represents a server providing the service. The mapping betweenthese connection identifiers will also be used for the packets that aresubsequently sent from the source. In some embodiments, the connectionidentifiers include a source port, a destination port, a source IPaddress, a destination IP address, a protocol identifier, etc. Thesource port is a port from which the packet was sent (e.g., a TCP port).The destination port is a port to which the packet is to be sent. Theprotocol identifier identifies the type of protocol (e.g., TCP, UDP,etc.) used for formatting the packet.

The managed switching element 4105 and the load balancing daemon 4110 ofdifferent embodiments use different techniques to ask for and supplyaddresses. For instance, the managed switching element 4105 of someembodiments sends a packet, which has an original address but does nothave a translated address, to the load balancing daemon. The loadbalancing daemon 4110 of these embodiments translates the originaladdress into a translated address. The load balancing daemon 4110 sendsthe packet back to the managed switching element 4105, which willperform logical forwarding and/or routing to send the packet towards thedestination machine. In some embodiments, the managed switching element4105 initially sends metadata, along the with packet that contains anoriginal address to resolve, to the load balancing daemon 4110. Thismetadata includes information (e.g., register values, logical pipelinestate, etc.) that the managed switching element 4105 uses to resumeperforming the logical processing pipeline when the managed switchingelement 4105 receives the packet back from the load balancing daemon4110.

In other embodiments, the managed switching element 4105 of someembodiments requests an address by sending a flow template, which is aflow entry that does not have actual values for the addresses, to theload balancing daemon 4110. The load balancing daemon finds out theaddresses to fill in the flow template by looking up the table 4115. Theload balancing daemon 4110 then sends the flow template that is filledin with actual addresses back to the managed switching element 4110 byputting the filled-in flow template into the forwarding table 4120. Insome embodiments, the load balancing daemon assigns to the filled-inflow template a priority value that is higher than the priority value ofthe flow template that is not filled in. Moreover, when the loadbalancing daemon 4110 fails to find a translated address, the loadbalancing daemon would specify in the flow template to drop the packet.

An example operation of the managed switching element 4105 and the loadbalancing daemon 4110 will now be described in terms of three differentstages 1-3 (encircled 1-3). In this example, the managed switchingelement 4115 is a managed edge switching element that receives a packetto forward and route from a machine (not shown). In particular, thepacket in this example is a request for a service. The packet has an IPaddress that represents a server that provides the requested service.

The managed switching element 4105 receives this packet and performs theL3 processing based on the flow entries in the forwarding table 4120.While performing the L3 processing 210 on the packet, the managedswitching element 4105 (at stage 1) identifies the flow entry 4125 andperforms the action specified in the flow entry 4125. As shown, the flowentry 4125 indicates that a flow template having connection identifiersshould be sent to the load balancing daemon 4110 to have the loadbalancing daemon 4110 to provide a new destination IP address. In thisexample, the flow entry 4125 has a priority value of N, which is anumber in some embodiments.

At stage 2, the load balancing daemon 4110 receives the flow templateand finds out that the destination IP address of a packet that has thespecified connection IDs is to be translated into 2.1.1.10 by looking upthe connection table 4115 and by running a scheduling algorithm. Theload balancing daemon fills out the flow template and inserts thefilled-in template (now the flow entry 4130) into the forwarding table4130. In this example, the load balancing daemon assigns a priority ofN+1 to the filled-in template.

At stage 3, the managed switching element 4110 uses the flow entry 4130to change the destination IP address for the packet. Also, for thepackets that the managed switching element 4110 subsequently processes,the managed switching element 4105 uses flow entry 4130 over the flowentry 4125 when a packet has the specified connection identifiers.

In some embodiments, the load balancing daemon 4110 and the managedswitching element run in a same virtual machine that is running on thehost 4100 or in different virtual machines running on the host 4100. Theload balancing daemon 4110 and the managed switching element may alsorun in separate hosts.

V. DHCP

The virtualization application, in some embodiments, defines forwardingrules that route DHCP requests to a DHCP daemon that is running in ashared host. Using a shared host for this functionality avoids the extracost of running a DHCP daemon per customer.

FIG. 42 illustrates a DHCP daemon that provides DHCP service todifferent logical networks for different users. This figure illustratesin the left half of the figure the implementation of example logicalnetworks 4201 and 4202 for two different users A and B, respectively. Anexample physical implementation of the logical networks 4201 and 4202 isillustrated in the right half of the figure.

As shown in the left half of the figure, the logical network 4201includes a logical router 4205 and two logical switches 4210 and 4215.VMs 4220 and 4225 are connected to the logical switch 4210. That is, VMs4220 and 4225 send and receive packets forwarded by the logical switch4210. VM 4230 is connected to the logical switch 4215. The logicalrouter 4205 routes packets between the logical switches 4210 and 4215.The logical router 4205 is also connected to a DHCP Daemon 4206 whichprovides DHCP service to the VMs in the logical network 4201, which areVMs of the user A.

The logical network 4202 for the user B includes a logical router 4235and two logical switches 4240 and 4245. VMs 4250 and 4255 are connectedto the logical switch 4240. VM 4260 is connected to the logical switch4245. The logical router 4235 routes packets between the logicalswitches 4240 and 4245. The logical router 4235 is also connected to aDHCP Daemon 4236 which provides DHCP service to the VMs in the logicalnetwork 4202, which are VMs of the user B.

In the logical implementation shown in the left half of the figure, eachlogical network for a user has its own DHCP daemon. In some embodiments,the DHCP daemons 4206 and 4236 may be physically implemented as separateDHCP daemons running in different hosts or VMs. That is, each user wouldhave a separate DHCP daemon for the user's machines only.

In other embodiments, the DHCP daemons for different users may bephysically implemented as a single DHCP daemon that provides DHCPservice to VMs of different users. That is, different users share thesame DHCP daemon. The DHCP daemon 4270 is a shared DHCP daemon thatserves VMs of both users A and B. As shown in the right half of figure,the managed switching elements 4275-4285 that implement the logicalrouters 4205 and 4235 and the logical switches 4210, 4215, 4240 and 4245for users A and B use the single DHCP daemon 4270. Therefore, VMs4220-4260 of the users A and B use the DHCP daemon 4270 to dynamicallyobtain an address (e.g., an IP address).

The DHCP daemon 4270 of different embodiments may run in differenthosts. For instance, the DHCP daemon 4270 of some embodiments runs inthe same host (not shown) in which one of the managed switching elements4275-4285 is running. In other embodiments, the DHCP daemon 4270 doesnot run in a host on which a managed switching element is running andinstead runs in a separate host that is accessible by the managedswitching elements.

FIG. 43 illustrates a central DHCP daemon and several local DHCPdaemons. The central DHCP daemon provides DHCP service to VMs ofdifferent users through local DHCP daemons. Each local DHCP daemonmaintains and manages a batch of addresses to offload the central DHCPdaemon's service to the local DHCP daemons. This figure illustrates anexample architecture that includes a central DHCP daemon 4320 and twolocal DHCP daemons 4330 and 4350.

As shown, the central DHCP daemon 4320 runs in a host 4305 in which amanaged switching element 4306 also runs. The managed switching element4306 of some embodiments is a second-level managed switching elementfunctioning as a pool node for managed switching elements 4340 and 4360.The central DHCP daemon 4320 provides DHCP services to different VMs4345 and 4365 of different users. In some embodiments, the central DHCPdaemon 4320 distributes the available addresses (e.g., IP addresses)4325 in batches of addresses to different local DHCP daemons includinglocal DHCP daemons 4330 and 4350 in order to offload the DHCP service tothese local DHCP daemons. The central DHCP daemon 4320 provides moreaddresses to a local DHCP daemon when the local DHCP daemon runs out ofavailable address to assign in its own batch of addresses.

The local DHCP daemon 4330 runs in a host 4310 in which a managedswitching element 4340 also runs. The managed switching element 4340 isan edge switching element that directly sends and receives packets toand from VMs 4345. The managed switching element 4340 implements one ormore logical switches and logical routers of different users. That is,the VMs 4345 may belong to different users. The local DHCP daemon 4330provides DHCP service to VMs 4345 using the batch of addresses 4335 thatthe local DHCP daemon 4330 obtains from the central DHCP daemon 4320.The local DHCP daemon 4330 resorts to the central DHCP daemon 4320 whenthe local DHCP daemon 4330 runs out of available addresses to assign inthe batch of addresses 4335. In some embodiments, the local DHCP daemon4330 communicates with the central DHCP daemon 4320 via the managedswitching elements 4340 and 4306. The managed switching elements 4340and 4306 has a tunnel established between them in some embodiments.

Similarly, the local DHCP daemon 4350 runs in a host 4315 in which amanaged switching element 4360 also runs. The managed switching element4360 is an edge switching element that directly sends and receivespackets to and from VMs 4365. The managed switching element 4360implements one or more logical switches and logical routers of differentusers. The local DHCP daemon 4350 provides DHCP service to VMs 4365using the batch of addresses 4355 that the local DHCP daemon 4350obtains from the central DHCP daemon 4320. In some embodiments, thebatch of addresses 4355 does not include addresses that are in the batchof addresses 4335 that are allocated to the local DHCP daemon running inthe host 4310. The local DHCP daemon 4350 also resorts to the centralDHCP daemon 4320 when the local DHCP daemon 4350 runs out of availableaddresses to assign in its own batch of addresses 4355. In someembodiments, the local DHCP daemon 4350 communicates with the centralDHCP daemon 4320 via the managed switching elements 4360 and 4306. Themanaged switching elements 4360 and 4306 have a tunnel establishedbetween them in some embodiments.

VI. Interposing Service VMS

In the discussion above, various L3 services that are provided by thevirtualization application of some embodiments were described. Tomaximize the network control system's flexibility, some embodimentsinterpose service machines that provide similar functionality to thoseprovided by the “middleboxes” that users use today in the physicalnetworks.

Accordingly, the network control system of some embodiments includes atleast one “middlebox” VM that is attached to a LDPS of a logicalnetwork. Then the pipeline state of the LDP sets is programmed by thecontrol application (that populates the logical control plane) so thatthe relevant packets are forwarded to the logical port of this VM. Afterthe VM has processed the packet, the packet is sent back to the logicalnetwork so that its forwarding continues through the logical network. Insome embodiments, the network control system utilizes many such“middlebox” VMs. The middlebox VMs interposed in this manner may be verystateful and implement features well beyond the L3 services described inthis document.

VII. Scalability

The scalability implications of the logical L3 switching design of someembodiments along three dimensions are addressed below. These threedimensions are: (1) logical state, (2) physical tunneling state, and (3)distributed binding lookups. Most of the logical pipeline processingoccurs at the first hop. This implies that all the logical (table)state, of all interconnected LDP sets, is disseminated, in someembodiments, to everywhere in the network where the pipeline executionmay take place. In other words, the combined logical state of allinterconnected LDP sets is disseminated to every managed edge switchingelement attached to any of these LDP sets in some embodiments. However,in some embodiments, the “meshiness” of the logical topology does notincrease the dissemination load of the logical state.

To limit the state dissemination, some embodiments balance the pipelineexecution between the source and destination devices so that the lastLDPS pipeline would be executed not at the first hop but at the lasthop. However, in some cases, this may result in not disseminating enoughstate for every managed switching element to do the logical forwardingdecision of the last LDPS; without that state, the source managedswitching elements might not even be able to deliver the packets to thedestination managed switching elements. Accordingly, some embodimentswill constrain the general LDPS model, in order to balance the pipelineexecution between the source and destination devices.

The logical state itself is not likely to contain more than at most O(N)entries (N is the total number of logical ports in the interconnectedLDP sets) as the logical control plane is designed, in some embodiments,to mimic the physical control planes that are used today, and thephysical control planes are limited by the capabilities of existinghardware switching chipsets. Therefore, disseminating the logical statemight not be the primary bottleneck of the system but eventually itmight become one, as the logical control plane design grows.

Some embodiments partition the managed switching elements of a networkinto cliques interconnected by higher-level aggregation switchingelements. Instead of implementing partitioning to reduce logical statewith an “everything on the first-hop” model, some embodiments partitionto reduce the tunneling state, as discussed below. Examples of cliquesare described in the above-mentioned U.S. patent application Ser. No.13/177,535. This application also describes various embodiments thatperform all or most of the logical data processing at the first-hop,managed switching elements.

The physical tunneling state maintained in the whole system is O(N²)where N is the number of logical ports in the interconnected LDP setstotal. This is because any managed edge switching element with a logicalport has to be able to directly send the traffic to the destinationmanaged edge switching element. Therefore, maintaining tunneling statein an efficient manner, without imposing O(N²) load to any centralizedcontrol element becomes even more important than with pure L2 LDP sets.The aggregation switching elements are used, in some embodiments, toslice the network into cliques. In some of these embodiments, the packetis still logically routed all the way in the source managed edgeswitching element but instead of tunneling it directly to thedestination edge switching element, it is sent to a pool node thatroutes it towards the destination based on the destination MAC address.In essence, the last L2 LDPS spans multiple cliques, and pool nodes areused to stitch together portions of that L2 domain.

FIGS. 44-45B illustrate a distributed logical router implemented inseveral managed switching elements based on flow entries of the managedswitching elements. In particular, FIGS. 44-45B illustrate that some ofthe destination L2 processing is performed by a last hop managedswitching element (i.e., the switching element that sends a packetdirectly to a destination machine).

FIG. 44 conceptually illustrates an example of performing some logicalprocessing at the last hop switching element. Specifically, FIG. 44illustrates that the managed switching element 2505 that is coupled to asource machine for a packet performs most of the logical processingpipeline 200 and the managed switching element 2510 that is coupled to adestination machine performs some of the logical processing pipeline200. The figure illustrates the logical router 225 and the logicalswitches 220 and 230 in the left half of the figure. This figureillustrates the managed switching elements 2505 and 2510 in the righthalf of the figure. The figure illustrates VMs 1-4 in both the right andthe left halves of the figure.

In some embodiments, a managed switching element does not keep all theinformation (e.g., flow entries in lookup tables) to perform the entirelogical processing pipeline 200. For instance, the managed switchingelement of these embodiments does not maintain the information fordetermining access control with respect to a logical port of thedestination logical network through which to send the packet to thedestination machine of the packet.

An example packet flow along the managed switching elements 2505 and2510 will now be described. When VM 1 that is coupled to the logicalswitch 220 sends a packet to VM 4 that is coupled to the logical switch230, the packet is first sent to the managed switching element 2505. Themanaged switching element 2505 then performs the L2 processing 205 andthe L3 processing 210 on the packet.

The managed switching element 2505 then performs a portion of the L2processing 215. Specifically, the managed switching element 2505determines access control for the packet. For instance, the managedswitching element 2505 determines that the packet does not have networkaddresses (e.g., source/destination MAC/IP addresses, etc.) that willcause the logical switch 230 to reject the packet that came through portY of the logical switch 230. The managed switching element 2505 thendetermines that port 1 of the logical switch 230 is the port throughwhich to send the packet out to the destination, VM 4. However, themanaged switching element 2505 does not determine access control for thepacket with respect to port 1 of the logical switch 230 because themanaged switching element 2505, in some embodiments, does not haveinformation (e.g., flow entries) to perform the egress ACL 2670.

The managed switching element 2505 then performs a mapping lookup todetermine a physical port to which the logical port 1 of the logicalswitch 230 is mapped. In this example, the managed switching element2505 determines that logical port 1 of the logical switch 230 is mappedto port 5 of the managed switching element 2510. The managed switchingelement 2505 then performs a physical lookup to determine operations forforwarding the packet to the physical port. In this example, the managedswitching element 2505 determines that the packet should be sent to VM 4through port 5 of the managed switching element 2510. The managedswitching element 2505 in this example modifies the logical context ofthe packet before sending it out along with the packet to VM 4.

The managed switching element 2505 sends the packet to the managedswitching element 2510. In some cases, the managed switching element2505 sends the packet over the tunnel that is established between themanaged switching elements 2505 and 2510 (e.g., the tunnel thatterminates at port 3 of the managed switching element 2505 and port 3 ofthe managed switching element 2510). When the tunnel is not available,the managed switching elements 2505 sends the packet to a pool node (notshown) so that the packet can reach the managed switching element 2510.

When the managed switching element 2510 receives the packet, the managedswitching element 2510 performs the egress ACL 2670 on the packet basedon the logical context of the packet (the logical context would indicatethat it is the egress ACL 2670 that is left to be performed on thepacket). For instance, the managed switching element 2510 determinesthat the packet does not have network addresses that will cause thelogical switch 230 not to send the packet through the port 1 of thelogical switch 230. The managed switching element 2510 then sends thepacket to VM 4 through port 5 of the managed switching element 2510 asdetermined by the managed switching element 2505 that performed the L2processing 215.

FIGS. 45A-45B conceptually illustrate an example operation of thelogical switches 220 and 230, the logical router 225, and the managedswitching elements 2505 and 2510 described above by reference to FIG.44. Specifically, FIG. 45A illustrates an operation of the managedswitching element 2505, which implements the logical router 225, logicalswitch 220, and a portion of logical router 230. FIG. 45B illustrates anoperation of the managed switching element 2510 that implements aportion of logical switch 230.

As shown in the bottom half of FIG. 45A, the managed switching element2505 includes L2 entries 4505 and 4515 and L3 entries 4510. Theseentries are flow entries that a controller cluster (not shown) suppliesto the managed switching element 2505. Although these entries aredepicted as three separate tables, the tables do not necessarily have tobe separate tables. That is, a single table may include all these flowentries.

When VM 1 that is coupled to the logical switch 220 sends a packet 4530to VM 4 that is coupled to the logical switch 230, the packet is firstsent to the managed switching element 2505 through port 4 of the managedswitching element 2505. The managed switching element 2505 performs anL2 processing on the packet based on the forwarding tables 4505-4515 ofthe managed switching element 2505. In this example, the packet 4530 hasa destination IP address of 1.1.2.10, which is the IP address of VM 4.The packet 4530's source IP address is 1.1.1.10. The packet 4530 alsohas VM 1's MAC address as a source MAC address and the MAC address ofthe logical port 1 (e.g., 01:01:01:01:01:01) of the logical router 225as a destination MAC address.

The operation of the managed switching element 2505 until the managedswitching element identifies an encircled 9 and performs L2 logicalprocessing 2665 is similar to the operation of the managed switchingelement 2505 in the example of FIG. 30A, except that the managedswitching element 2505 in the example of FIG. 45A is performed on packet4530.

Based on the logical context and/or other fields stored in the packet4530's header, the managed switching element 2505 then identifies arecord indicated by an encircled 10 (referred to as “record 10”) in theL2 entries 4515 that implements the context mapping of the stage 2675.In this example, the record 10 identifies port 5 of the managedswitching element 2510 to which VM 4 is coupled as the port thatcorresponds to the logical port (determined at stage 2665) of thelogical switch 230 to which the packet 4530 is to be forwarded. Therecord 10 additionally specifies that the packet 4530 be furtherprocessed by the forwarding tables (e.g., by sending the packet 4530 toa dispatch port).

Based on the logical context and/or other fields stored in the packet4530's header, the managed switching element 2505 then identifies arecord indicated by an encircled 11 (referred to as “record 11”) in theL2 entries 4515 that implements the physical mapping of the stage 2680.The record 11 specifies port 3 of the managed switching element 2505 asa port through which the packet 4530 is to be sent in order for thepacket 4530 to reach the managed switching element 2510. In this case,the managed switching element 2505 is to send the packet 4530 out ofport 3 of managed switching element 2505 that is coupled to the managedswitching element 2510.

As shown in FIG. 45B, the managed switching element 2510 includes aforwarding table that includes rules (e.g., flow entries) for processingand routing the packet 4530. When the managed switching element 2510receives the packet 4530 from the managed switching element 805, themanaged switching element 2510 begins processing the packet 4530 basedon the forwarding tables of the managed switching element 2510. Themanaged switching element 2510 identifies a record indicated by anencircled 1 (referred to as “record 1”) in the forwarding tables thatimplements the context mapping. The record 1 identifies the packet4530's logical context based on the logical context that is stored inthe packet 4530's header. The logical context specifies that the packet4530 has been processed up to the stage 2665 by the managed switchingelement 805. As such, the record 1 specifies that the packet 4530 befurther processed by the forwarding tables (e.g., by sending the packet4530 to a dispatch port).

Next, the managed switching element 2510 identifies, based on thelogical context and/or other fields stored in the packet 4530's header,a record indicated by an encircled 2 (referred to as “record 2”) in theforwarding tables that implements the egress ACL. In this example, therecord 2 allows the packet 4530 to be further processed and, thus,specifies the packet 4530 be further processed by the forwarding tables(e.g., by sending the packet 4530 to a dispatch port). In addition, therecord 2 specifies that the managed switching element 2510 store thelogical context (i.e., the packet 4530 has been processed for L2 egressACL of the logical switch 230) of the packet 4530 in the set of fieldsof the packet 4530's header.

Next, the managed switching element 2510 identifies, based on thelogical context and/or other fields stored in the packet 4530's header,a record indicated by an encircled 3 (referred to as “record 3”) in theforwarding tables that implements the physical mapping. The record 3specifies the port 5 of the managed switching element 2510 through whichthe packet 4530 is to be sent in order for the packet 4530 to reach VM4. In this case, the managed switching element 2510 is to send thepacket 4530 out of port 5 of managed switching element 2510 that iscoupled to VM 4. In some embodiments, the managed switching element 2510removes the logical context from the packet 4530 before sending thepacket to VM 4.

FIGS. 46-47B illustrate a distributed logical router implemented inseveral managed switching elements based on flow entries of the managedswitching elements. In particular, FIGS. 46-47B illustrate that thesource L2 processing 205 and L3 processing 210 are performed by a firsthop managed switching element (i.e., the switching element that receivesa packet directly from a source machine) and the entire destination L2processing 215 is performed by a last hop managed switching element(i.e., the switching element that sends a packet directly to adestination machine).

FIG. 46 conceptually illustrates an example of performing some logicalprocessing at the last hop switching element. Specifically, FIG. 46illustrates that the managed switching element 2505 that is coupled to asource machine for a packet performs the L2 processing 205 and the L3processing 210 and the managed switching element 2510 that is coupled toa destination machine performs the L2 processing 215. That is, themanaged switching element 2505 performs L2 forwarding for the sourcelogical network and the L3 routing and the L2 forwarding for thedestination logical network is performed by the managed switchingelement 2510. The figure illustrates the logical router 225 and thelogical switches 220 and 230 in the left half of the figure. This figureillustrates the managed switching elements 2505 and 2510 in the righthalf of the figure. The figure illustrates VMs 1-4 in both the right andthe left halves of the figure.

In some embodiments, a managed switching element does not keep all theinformation (e.g., flow entries in lookup tables) to perform the entirelogical processing pipeline 200. For instance, the managed switchingelement of these embodiments does not maintain the information forperforming logical forwarding for the destination logical network on thepacket.

An example packet flow along the managed switching elements 2505 and2510 will now be described. When VM 1 that is coupled to the logicalswitch 220 sends a packet to VM 4 that is coupled to the logical switch230, the packet is first sent to the managed switching element 2505. Themanaged switching element 2505 then performs the L2 processing 205 andthe L3 processing 210 on the packet.

The managed switching element 2505 sends the packet to the managedswitching element 2510. In some cases, the managed switching element2505 sends the packet over the tunnel that is established between themanaged switching elements 2505 and 2510 (e.g., the tunnel thatterminates at port 3 of the managed switching element 2505 and port 3 ofthe managed switching element 2510). When the tunnel is not available,the managed switching elements 2505 sends the packet to a pool node (notshown) so that the packet can reach the managed switching element 2510.

When the managed switching element 2510 receives the packet, the managedswitching element 2510 performs the L2 processing 215 on the packetbased on the logical context of the packet (the logical context wouldindicate that it is the entire L2 processing 215 that is left to beperformed on the packet). The managed switching element 2510 then sendsthe packet to VM 4 through port 5 of the managed switching element 2510.

FIGS. 47A-47B conceptually illustrate an example operation of thelogical switches 220 and 230, the logical router 225, and the managedswitching elements 2505 and 2510 described above by reference to FIG.46. Specifically, FIG. 47A illustrates an operation of the managedswitching element 2505, which implements the logical switch 220 and thelogical router 225. FIG. 47B illustrates an operation of the managedswitching element 2505 that implements the logical switch 230.

As shown in the bottom half of FIG. 47A, the managed switching element2505 includes L2 entries 4705 and L3 entries 4710. These entries areflow entries that a controller cluster (not shown) supplies to themanaged switching element 2505. Although these entries are depicted astwo separate tables, the tables do not necessarily have to be separatetables. That is, a single table may include all these flow entries.

When VM 1 that is coupled to the logical switch 220 sends a packet 4730to VM 4 that is coupled to the logical switch 230, the packet is firstsent to the managed switching element 2505 through port 4 of the managedswitching element 2505. The managed switching element 2505 performs anL2 processing on the packet based on the forwarding tables 4705-4710 ofthe managed switching element 2505. In this example, the packet 4730 hasa destination IP address of 1.1.2.10, which is the IP address of VM 4.The packet 4730's source IP address is 1.1.1.10. The packet 4730 alsohas VM 1's MAC address as a source MAC address and the MAC address ofthe logical port 1 (e.g., 01:01:01:01:01:01) of the logical router 225as a destination MAC address.

The operation of the managed switching element 2505 until the managedswitching element identifies an encircled 7 and performs L3 egress ACLwith respect to the port 2 of the logical router 225 is similar to theoperation of the managed switching element 2505 in the example of FIG.47A, except that the managed switching element 2505 in the example ofFIG. 47A is performed on packet 4730.

Based on the logical context and/or other fields stored in the packet4730's header, the managed switching element 2505 then identifies arecord indicated by an encircled 8 (referred to as “record 8”) in the L2entries 4710 that implements the physical mapping of the stage 2680. Therecord 8 specifies that the logical switch 230 is implemented in themanaged switching element 2510 and the packet should be sent to themanaged switching element 2510.

Based on the logical context and/or other fields stored in the packet4730's header, the managed switching element 2505 then identifies arecord indicated by an encircled 9 (referred to as “record 9”) in the L2entries 4715 that implements the physical mapping of the stage 2680. Therecord 9 specifies port 3 of the managed switching element 2505 as aport through which the packet 4730 is to be sent in order for the packet4730 to reach the managed switching element 2510. In this case, themanaged switching element 2505 is to send the packet 4730 out of port 3of managed switching element 2505 that is coupled to the managedswitching element 2510.

As shown in FIG. 47B, the managed switching element 2510 includes aforwarding table that includes rules (e.g., flow entries) for processingand routing the packet 4730. When the managed switching element 2510receives the packet 4730 from the managed switching element 2510, themanaged switching element 2510 begins processing the packet 4730 basedon the forwarding tables of the managed switching element 2510. Themanaged switching element 2510 identifies a record indicated by anencircled 1 (referred to as “record 1”) in the forwarding tables thatimplements the context mapping. The record 1 identifies the packet4730's logical context based on the logical context that is stored inthe packet 4730's header. The logical context specifies that the L2processing 205 and the L3 processing 210 have been performed on thepacket 4730 by the managed switching element 810. The record 1 specifiesthat the packet 4730 be further processed by the forwarding tables(e.g., by sending the packet 4730 to a dispatch port).

Based on the logical context and/or other fields stored in the packet4730's header, the managed switching element 2510 identifies a recordindicated by an encircled 2 (referred to as “record 2”) in the L2forwarding table that implements the L2 ingress ACL. In this example,the record 2 allows the packet 4730 to come through the logical port Yof the logical switch 230 (not shown) and, thus, specifies the packet4730 be further processed by the managed switching element 2510 (e.g.,by sending the packet 4730 to a dispatch port). In addition, the record2 specifies that the managed switching element 2510 store the logicalcontext (i.e., the packet 4730 has been processed by the stage 4762 ofthe processing pipeline 4700) of the packet 4730 in the set of fields ofthe packet 4730's header.

Next, the managed switching element 2510 identifies, based on thelogical context and/or other fields stored in the packet 4730's header,a record indicated by an encircled 3 (referred to as “record 3”) in theL2 forwarding table that implements the logical L2 forwarding. Therecord 3 specifies that a packet with the MAC address of VM 4 asdestination MAC address should be forwarded through a logical port 2 ofthe logical switch 230 that is connected to VM 4.

The record 3 also specifies that the packet 4730 be further processed bythe forwarding tables (e.g., by sending the packet 4730 to a dispatchport). Also, the record 3 specifies that the managed switching element2510 store the logical context (i.e., the packet 4730 has been processedby the stage 4766 of the processing pipeline 4700) in the set of fieldsof the packet

Next, the managed switching element 2510 identifies, based on thelogical context and/or other fields stored in the packet 4730's header,a record indicated by an encircled 4 (referred to as “record 4”) in theforwarding tables that implements the egress ACL. In this example, therecord 4 allows the packet 4730 to be further processed and, thus,specifies the packet 4730 be further processed by the forwarding tables(e.g., by sending the packet 4730 to a dispatch port). In addition, therecord 4 specifies that the managed switching element 2510 store thelogical context (i.e., the packet 4730 has been processed for L2 egressACL of the logical switch 230) of the packet 4730 in the set of fieldsof the packet 4730's header.

Based on the logical context and/or other fields stored in the packet4730's header, the managed switching element 2505 then identifies arecord indicated by an encircled 5 (referred to as “record 5”) in the L2entries 4715 that implements the context mapping. In this example, therecord 5 identifies port 5 of the managed switching element 2510 towhich VM 4 is coupled as the port that corresponds to the logical port 2of the logical switch 230 to which the packet 4730 is to be forwarded.The record 5 additionally specifies that the packet 4730 be furtherprocessed by the forwarding tables (e.g., by sending the packet 4730 toa dispatch port).

Next, the managed switching element 2510 identifies, based on thelogical context and/or other fields stored in the packet 4730's header,a record indicated by an encircled 6 (referred to as “record 6”) in theforwarding tables that implements the physical mapping. The record 6specifies the port 5 of the managed switching element 2510 through whichthe packet 4730 is to be sent in order for the packet 4730 to reach VM4. In this case, the managed switching element 2510 is to send thepacket 4730 out of port 5 of managed switching element 2510 that iscoupled to VM 4. In some embodiments, the managed switching element 2510removes the logical context from the packet 4730 before sending thepacket to VM 4.

The execution of all the pipelines on the logical path of a packet hasimplications to the distributed lookups, namely ARP and learning. As thelookups can now be executed by any edge switching element having alogical port attached to the logical network, the total volume of thelookups is going to exceed the lookups executed on a similar physicaltopology; even though the packet would head towards the same port,differing senders cannot share the cached lookup state, as the lookupswill be initiated on different managed edge switching elements. Hence,the problems of flooding are amplified by the logical topology and aunicast mapping based approach for lookups is preferred in practice.

By sending a special lookup packet towards a cloud of mapping servers(e.g., pool or root nodes), the source edge switching element can do thenecessary lookups without resorting to flooding. In some embodiments,the mapping server benefits from heavy traffic aggregate locality (andhence good cache hit ratios on client side) as well as fromdatapath-only implementation resulting in excellent throughput.

FIG. 48 conceptually illustrates an example software architecture of ahost 4800 on which a managed switching element runs. Specifically, thisfigure illustrates that the host 4800 also runs an L3 daemon thatresolves an L3 address (e.g., an IP address) into an L2 address (e.g., aMAC address) for a packet that the L3 daemon receives from the managedswitching element. This figure illustrates that the host 4800 includes amanaged switching element 4805, a forwarding table 4820, an L3 daemon4810, and a mapping table 4815 in the top half of the figure. Thisfigure also illustrates flow entries 4825 and 4830.

The flow entries 4825 and 4830 each has a qualifier and an action. Thetext illustrated as flow entries 4825 and 4830 may not be an actualformat. Rather, the text is just a conceptual illustration of aqualifier and an action pair. In some embodiments, flow entries havepriorities and a managed switching element takes the action of the flowentry with the highest priority when qualifiers for more than one flowentry are satisfied.

The host 4800, in some embodiments, is a machine operated by anoperating system (e.g., Windows™ and Linux™) that is capable of runninga set of software applications. The managed switching element 4805 ofsome embodiment is a software switching element (e.g., Open vSwitch)that executes in the host 4800. As mentioned above, a controller cluster(not shown) configures a managed switching element by supplying flowentries that specify the functionality of the managed switching element.The managed switching element 4805 of some embodiments does not itselfgenerate flow entries and ARP requests.

The managed switching element 4805 of some embodiments runs all or partof the logical processing pipeline 200 described above. In particular,the managed switching element 4805 is a managed switching element (e.g.,the managed switching elements 1720 or 2505) that performs the L3processing 210 to route packets received from the machines as necessary,based on flow entries in the forwarding table 4820. In some embodiments,the managed switching element 4805 is an edge switching element thatreceives a packet from a machine (not shown) that is coupled to themanaged switching element. In some such embodiments, one or more virtualmachines (not shown) are running in the host 4800 and are coupled to themanaged switching elements 4805. In other embodiments, the managedswitching element is a second-level managed switching element.

When the managed switching element 4805 receives a packet that is thevery first packet being sent to a destination machine that is in anotherlogical network (or the packet itself is an ARP request), the managedswitching element 4805 of these embodiments would not yet know the MACaddress of the destination machine. In other words, the managedswitching element 4805 would not know the mapping between the next-hopIP address and the destination MAC address. In order to resolve thenext-hop IP address into the destination MAC address, the managedswitching element 4805 of some embodiments requests the destination MACaddress of the packet from the L3 daemon 4810.

The L3 daemon 4810 of some embodiments is a software application runningon the host 4800. The L3 daemon 4810 maintains the table 4815 whichincludes mappings of IP and MAC addresses. When the managed switchingelement 4805 asks for a destination MAC address that corresponds to anext-hop IP address, the L3 daemon looks up the mapping table 4815 tofind the destination MAC address to which the source IP address ismapped. (In some cases, the destination MAC address to which the sourceIP address is mapped is the MAC address of the next-hop logical router).

The managed switching element 4805 and the L3 daemon 4810 of differentembodiments uses different techniques to ask for and supply addresses.For instance, the managed switching element 4805 of some embodimentssends a packet, which has a destination IP address but does not have adestination MAC address, to the L3 daemon. The L3 daemon 4810 of theseembodiments resolves the IP address into a destination MAC address. TheL3 daemon 4810 sends the packet back to the managed switching element4805, which will perform logical forwarding and/or routing to send thepacket towards the destination machine. In some embodiments, the managedswitching element 4805 initially sends metadata, along the packet thatcontains a destination IP address to resolve, to the L3 daemon 4810.This metadata includes information (e.g., register values, logicalpipeline state, etc.) that the managed switching element 4805 uses toresume performing the logical processing pipeline when the managedswitching element 4805 receives the packet back from the L3 daemon 4810.

In other embodiments, the managed switching element 4805 requests adestination address by sending a flow template, which is a flow entrythat does not have actual value for the destination MAC addresses, tothe L3 daemon 4810. The L3 daemon 4810 finds the destination MACaddresses to fill in the flow template by looking up the mapping table4815. The L3 daemon 4810 then sends the flow template that is filled inwith actual destination MAC addresses back to the managed switchingelement 4810 by putting the filled-in flow template into the forwardingtable 4820. In some embodiments, the L3 daemon assigns the filled-inflow template a priority value that is higher than the priority value ofthe flow template that is not filled in.

When the mapping table 4815 has an entry for the destination IP addressand the entry has the destination MAC address mapped to the destinationIP address, the L3 daemon 4810 uses the destination MAC address to writein the packet or fill in the flow template. When there is no such entry,the L3 daemon generates an ARP request and broadcasts the ARP packet toother hosts or VMs that run L3 daemons. In particular, the L3 daemon ofsome embodiments only sends the ARP requests to those hosts or VMs towhich the next-hop logical L3 router may be attached. The L3 daemonreceives a response to the ARP packet that contains the destination MACaddress from one of the hosts or VMs that received the ARP packet. TheL3 daemon 4810 maps the destination IP address to the destination MACaddress and adds this mapping to the mapping table 4815. In someembodiments, the L3 daemon 4810 sends a unicast packet periodically toanother L3 daemon that responded to the ARP request to check thevalidity of the destination MAC address. In this manner, the L3 daemon4810 keeps the IP and MAC addresses mapping up to date.

In some embodiments, when the L3 daemon 4810 still fails to find aresolved address after looking up the flow entries and sending ARPrequests to other L3 daemon instances, the L3 daemon would specify inthe flow template to drop the packet or the L3 daemon itself will dropthe packet.

When the managed switching element 4805 receives an ARP packet fromanother host or VM, the managed switching element 4805 of someembodiments does not forward the ARP packet to the machines that arecoupled to the managed switching element. The managed switching element4800 in these embodiments sends the ARP packet to the L3 daemon. The L3daemon maintains in the mapping table 4815 mapping between IP addressesand MAC addresses that are locally available (e.g., IP addresses and MACaddresses of the machines that are coupled to the managed switchingelement 4805). When the mapping table 4815 has an entry for the IPaddress of the received ARP packet and the entry has a MAC address of aVM that is coupled to the managed switching element 4805, the L3 daemonsends the MAC address, in the response to the ARP packet, to the host orVM (i.e., the L3 daemon of the host or VM) from which the ARP packetoriginates.

An example operation of the managed switching element 4805 and the L3daemon 4810 will now be described in terms of three different stages 1-3(encircled 1-3). In this example, the managed switching element 4805 isa managed edge switching element that receives a packet to forward androute from a machine (not shown). The managed switching element 4805receives a packet and performs the logical processing 200 based on theflow entries in the forwarding table 4820.

When the packet is the very first packet that bears the IP address ofthe destination machine or the packet is an ARP request from a sourcemachine, the managed switching element 4820 (at stage 1) identifies theflow entry 4825 and performs the action specified in the flow entry4825. As shown, the flow entry 4825 indicates that a flow templatehaving a destination IP address 1.1.2.10 to be resolved to a destinationMAC X should be sent to the L3 daemon 4810. In this example, the flowentry 4825 has a priority value of N, which is a number in someembodiments.

At stage 2, the L3 daemon 4810 receives the flow template and finds outthat 1.1.2.10 is to be resolved to 01:01:01:01:01:09 by looking up themapping table 4815. The L3 daemon fills out the flow template andinserts the filled-in template (now the flow entry 4830) into theforwarding table 4830. In this example, the L3 daemon assigns a priorityof N+1 to the filled-in template.

At stage 3, the managed switching element 4810, in some embodiments,uses the flow entry 4830 to set the destination MAC address for thepacket. Also, for the packets that the managed switching element 4810subsequently processes, the managed switching element 4805 uses flowentry 4830 over the flow entry 4825 when a packet has the destination IPaddress of 1.1.2.10.

In some embodiments, the L3 daemon 4810 and the managed switchingelement runs in a same virtual machine that is running on the host 4800or in different virtual machines running on the host 4800. In someembodiments, the L3 daemon 4810 runs in the user space of a virtualmachine. The L3 daemon 4810 and the managed switching element may alsorun in separate hosts.

In some embodiments, the managed switching element 4805 does not rely onthe L3 daemon 4810 to resolve addresses. In some such embodiments, thecontrol cluster (not shown in FIG. 48) may statically configure the flowentries 4820 such that the flow entries 4820 include the mappingsbetween IP addresses to MAC addresses obtained through API calls (i.e.,inputs) or DHCP.

FIG. 49 conceptually illustrates a process 4900 that some embodimentsperform to resolve network addresses. In some embodiments, the process4900 is performed by a managed switching element that performs an L3processing 210 to route packets at L3 (e.g., the managed switchingelements 1720, 2505, or 3105). The process 4900, in some embodiments,starts when the process receives a packet that is to be logically routedat L3.

The process 4900 begins by determining (at 4905) whether the packetneeds address resolution (e.g., resolving a destination IP address to adestination MAC address). In some embodiments, the process determineswhether the packet needs L3 processing based on flow entry. The flowentry, of which the qualifier matches the information stored in thepacket's header or logical context, specifies that the packet needsaddress resolution.

When the process 4900 determines (at 4905) that the packet does not needaddress resolution, the process ends. Otherwise, the process 4900determines (at 4910) whether the process 4900 needs to request anaddress into which to resolve a packet's address (e.g., destination IPaddress) from an L3 daemon. In some embodiments, the process 4900determines whether the process needs to ask the L3 daemon based on theflow entry. For instance, the flow entry may specify that the addressinto which to resolve the packet's address should be obtained byrequesting for the resolved address from the L3 daemon. In someembodiments, the process determines that the L3 daemon should providethe resolved address when the flow entry is a flow template that has anempty field for the resolved address or some other value in the fieldfor indicating the resolved address should be obtained from the L3daemon.

When the process determines (at 4910) that the process does not need torequest for an address from the L3 daemon, the process obtains (at 4920)the resolved address from the flow entry. For instance, the flow entrywould provide the translated address. The process then proceeds to 4925,which will be described further below. When the process determines (at4910) that the process needs to request for an address from the L3daemon, the process 4900 at 4915 requests for and obtains the resolvedaddress from the L3 daemon. In some embodiments, the process 4900requests for the resolved address by sending a flow template to the L3daemon. The L3 daemon would fill the flow template with the resolvedaddress and place that filled-in flow template in the forwarding table(not shown) that the process uses.

Next, the process 4900 modifies the packet with the resolved address. Insome embodiments, the process modifies an address field in the header ofthe packet. Alternatively or conjunctively, the process modifies thelogical context to replace the packet's address with the resolvedaddress. The process then ends.

FIG. 50 illustrates network architecture 5000 of some embodiments.Specifically, this figure illustrates a map server that allows severalhosts (or VMs) that each run an L3 daemon to avoid broadcasting ARPrequests. This figure illustrates a set of hosts (or VMs) including5005, 5010, and 5015.

The hosts 5010 and 5015 are similar to the host 4805 described above byreference to FIG. 48 in that each of the hosts 5010 and 5010 runs an L3daemon, a managed switching element, and one or more VMs.

The host 5005 runs a map server. The map server 5005 of some embodimentsmaintains a global mapping table 5020 that includes all the entries ofall mapping tables maintained by L3 daemons running in every host in thenetwork that runs a managed edge switching element. In some embodiments,an L3 daemon in the network sends the entries of mapping between locallyavailable IP addresses and MAC addresses mappings. Whenever there is achange to the machines coupled to a managed switching element of a host(e.g., when a VM fails or is coupled to or de-coupled from the managedswitching element), the L3 daemon of the host updates the respectivelocal mapping table accordingly and also sends the updates (e.g., bysending a special “publish” packet containing the updates) to the mapserver 5005 so that the map server 5005 keeps the global mapping table5005 updated with the change.

In some embodiments, the L3 daemon running in each host that runs amanaged edge switching element does not broadcast an ARP packet when thelocal mapping does not have an entry for a destination IP address toresolve. Instead, the L3 daemon consults the map server 5005 to resolvethe destination IP address into the destination MAC address. The mapserver 5005 resolves the destination IP address into a destination MACaddress by looking up the global mapping table 5020. In the case thatthe map server 5005 cannot resolve the IP address (e.g., when the globalmapping table 5020 does not have an entry for the IP address or the mapserver 5005 fails), the L3 daemon will resort to broadcasting an ARPpacket to other hosts that run managed edge switching elements. In someembodiments, the map server 5005 is implemented in the same host or VMin which a second-level managed switching element (e.g., a pool node) isimplemented.

FIG. 51 illustrates a process 5100 that some embodiments perform tomaintain a mapping table that includes mappings of IP and MAC addresses.In some embodiments, the process 5100 is performed by an L3 daemon thatrequests for resolved addresses from a mapping server. The mappingserver in these embodiments maintains a global mapping table thatincludes mappings of IP and MAC addresses for a set of managed switchingelements. The process 5100, in some embodiments, starts when the processreceives a particular address to resolve from a managed switchingelement.

The process begins by determining (at 5105) whether the process has aresolved address for the particular address received from the managedswitching element. In some embodiments, the process looks up a localmapping table that includes mappings of IP and MAC addresses todetermine whether the process has a resolved address for the particularaddress.

When the process 5100 determines that the process has a resolvedaddress, the process proceeds to 5120, which will be described furtherbelow. Otherwise, the process 5100 requests for and obtains a resolvedaddress from the map server. The process 5100 then modifies (at 5115)the local mapping table with the resolved address obtained from themapping server. In some embodiments, the process 5100 inserts a newmapping of the resolved address and the particular address into thelocal mapping table.

The process 5100 then sends the resolved address to the managedswitching element. In some embodiments, the process 5100 modifies thepacket that has the particular address. In other embodiments, theprocess 5100 modifies the flow template that the managed switchingelement had sent as a request for the resolved address. The process thenends.

FIG. 52 illustrates a process 5200 that some embodiments perform tomaintain a mapping table that includes mappings of IP and MAC addresses.In some embodiments, the process 5200 is performed by an L3 daemon thatmaintains a local mapping table and sends updates to a mapping server.The mapping server in these embodiments maintains a global mapping tablethat includes mappings of IP and MAC addresses for a set of managedswitching elements. The process 5200, in some embodiments, starts whenthe L3 daemon starts running.

The process 5200 begins by monitoring (at 5205) a set of managedswitching elements. In particular, the process 5200 monitors forcoupling and decoupling of machines to and from a managed switchingelement or any address change for the machines coupled to a managedswitching element. In some embodiments, the set of managed switchingelements includes those managed switching elements that are running onthe same host or virtual machine on which the L3 daemon is running.

Next, the process 5200 determines (at 5210) whether there has been sucha change to a managed switching element that the process monitors. Whenthe process determines (at 5210) that there has not been a change, theprocess 5200 loops back to 5205 to keep monitoring the set of managedswitching elements. Otherwise, the process modifies (at 5215) thecorresponding entries in the local mapping table. For instance, when aVM migrates and gets coupled to one of the managed switching element inthe set, the process inserts a mapping of the IP address and the MACaddress of the migrated VM into the local mapping table.

The process 5200 then sends the updated mapping to the map server sothat the map server can update the global mapping table with the newand/or modified mapping of the IP address and MAC address. The processthen ends.

VIII. Flow Generation and Flow Processing

As described above, the managed switching elements of some embodimentsimplement logical switches and logical routers based on flow tablessupplied to the managed switching elements by the controller cluster(one or more controller instances) of some embodiments. In someembodiments, the controller cluster generates these flow entries byperforming table mapping operations based on the inputs or networkevents the controller cluster detects. Details of these controllerclusters and their operations are described in U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 13/177,533, and in the above-incorporated concurrently filedU.S. patent application **, entitled “Chassis Controller,”.

As mentioned in this concurrently filed U.S. patent application, thenetwork control system in some embodiments is a distributed controlsystem that includes several controller instances that allow the systemto accept logical datapath sets from users and to configure theswitching elements to implement these logical datapath sets. In someembodiments, one type of controller instance is a device (e.g., ageneral-purpose computer) that executes one or more modules thattransform the user input from a logical control plane to a logicalforwarding plane, and then transform the logical forwarding plane datato physical control plane data. These modules in some embodimentsinclude a control module and a virtualization module. A control moduleallows a user to specify and populate logical datapath set, while avirtualization module implements the specified logical datapath set bymapping the logical datapath set onto the physical switchinginfrastructure. In some embodiments, the control and virtualizationapplications are two separate applications, while in other embodimentsthey are part of the same application.

From the logical forwarding plane data for a particular logical datapathset, the virtualization module of some embodiments generates universalphysical control plane (UPCP) data that is generic for any managedswitching element that implements the logical datapath set. In someembodiments, this virtualization module is part of a controller instancethat is a master controller for the particular logical datapath set.This controller is referred to as the logical controller.

In some embodiments, the UPCP data is then converted to customizedphysical control plane (CPCP) data for each particular managed switchingelement by a controller instance that is a master physical controllerinstance for the particular managed switching element, or by a chassiscontroller for the particular managed switching element, as furtherdescribed in concurrently filed U.S. patent application filed U.S.patent application Ser. No. 13/589,077, now issued as U.S. Pat. No.9,178,833. When the chassis controller generates the CPCP data, thechassis controller obtains the UPCP data from the virtualization moduleof the logical controller through the physical controller.

Irrespective of whether the physical controller or chassis controllergenerate the CPCP data, the CPCP data for a particular managed switchingelement needs to be propagated to the managed switching element. In someembodiments, the CPCP data is propagated through a network informationbase (NIB) data structure, which in some embodiments is anobject-oriented data structure. Several examples of using the NIB datastructure are described in U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 13/177,529and 13/177,533, which are incorporated herein by reference. As describedin these applications, the NIB data structure is also used in someembodiments to may serve as a communication medium between differentcontroller instances, and to store data regarding the logical datapathsets (e.g., logical switching elements) and/or the managed switchingelements that implement these logical datapath sets.

However, other embodiments do not use the NIB data structure topropagate CPCP data from the physical controllers or chassis controllersto the managed switching elements, to communicate between controllerinstances, and to store data regarding the logical datapath sets and/ormanaged switching elements. For instance, in some embodiments, thephysical controllers and/or chassis controllers communicate with themanaged switching elements through OpenFlow entries and updates over theconfiguration protocol. Also, in some embodiments, the controllerinstances use one or more direct communication channels (e.g., RPCcalls) to exchange data. In addition, in some embodiments, thecontroller instances (e.g., the control and virtualization modules ofthese instance) express the logical and/or physical data in terms ofrecords that are written into the relational database data structure. Insome embodiments, this relational database data structure are part ofthe input and output tables of a table mapping engine (called nLog) thatis used to implement one or more modules of the controller instances.

FIG. 53 conceptually illustrates three controller instances of acontroller cluster of some embodiments. These three controller instancesinclude a logical controller 5300 for generating UPCP data from logicalcontrol plane (LCP) data received as API calls, and physical controllers5390 and 5330 for customizing the UPCP data specific to managedswitching elements 5320 and 5325, respectively. Specifically, thelogical controller 5300 of some embodiments generates universal flows byperforming table mapping operations on tables using a table mappingprocessor (not shown) such as an nLog. An nLog engine is described inU.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 13/177,533. This figure alsoillustrates a user 5325 and managed switching elements 5320 and 5325.

As shown, the logical controller 5300 includes a control application5305 and a virtualization application 5310. In some embodiments, thecontrol application 5305 is used to receive the logical control planedata, and to convert this data to logical forwarding plane data that isthen supplied to the virtualization application 5310. The virtualizationapplication 5310 generates universal physical control plane data fromlogical forwarding plane data.

In some embodiments, some of the logical control plane data areconverted from the inputs. In some embodiments, the logical controller5300 supports a set of API calls. The logical controller has an inputtranslation application (not shown) that translates the set of API callsinto LCP data. Using the API calls, the user can configure logicalswitches and logical routers as if the user is configuring physicalswitching elements and routers.

The physical controllers 5390 and 5330 are the masters of the managedswitching elements 5320 and 5325, respectively. The physical controller5390 and 5330 of some embodiments receive the UPCP data from the logicalcontroller 5300 and converts the UPCP data to CPCP data for the managedswitching elements 5320 and 5325, respectively. The physical controller5390 then sends the CPCP data for the managed switching element 5320 tothe managed switching element 5320. The physical controller 5330 sendsthe CPCP data for the managed switching element 5325 to the managedswitching element 5325. The CPCP data for the managed switching elements5320 and 5325 are in the form of flow entires. The managed switchingelements 5320 and 5325 then performs forwarding and routing the packetsbased on the flow entries. As described in in U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 13/177,533, this conversion of LCP data to the LFP data andthen to the CPCP data is performed by using an nLog engine.

Even though FIG. 53 illustrates two physical controllers generating CPCPdata from UPCP data for two different managed switching elements, one ofordinary skill will realize that in other embodiment the physicalcontrollers serve to simply relay the UPCP data to each switchingelement's chassis controller, which in turn generates that switchingelement's CPCP data and pushes this data to it switching element.

FIG. 54 illustrates an example architecture 5400 and a user interface5405. Specifically, this figure illustrates that the user sends to acontroller application in order to configure logical switches androuters in a desired way. This figure illustrates a user interface (UI)5405 in four stages 5406-5409 in the left half of the figure. Thisfigure also illustrates the architecture 5400, which includes a logicalrouter 5425 and two logical switches 5420 and 5430 in the right half ofthe figure.

The UI 5405 is an example interface through which the user can enterinputs and receive responses from a controller instance in order tomanage the logical switches and routers. In some embodiments, the UI5405 is provided as a web application and thus can be opened up with aweb browser. Alternatively or conjunctively, the control application ofsome embodiments may allow the user to enter and receive inputs througha command line interface.

The left half of the figure illustrates that the user enters inputs toset up logical ports in logical switches and logical routers that are tobe implemented by a set of managed switching elements of the networkthat the controller instance manages. In particular, the user adds alogical port to a logical router, LR, by supplying (at stage 5406) theport's identifier, “RP1,” an IP address of “1.1.1.253” to associate withthe port, and a net mask “255.255.255.0.” The user also adds a logicalport to a logical switch, LS1, by supplying (at 5407) a port identifier,“SP1,” and specifying that the port is to be connected to the logicalport RP1 of the logical router. The user also adds another logical portto the logical router LR by supplying (at stage 5408) the port'sidentifier, “RP2,” an IP address of “1.1.2.253” to associate with theport, and a net mask “255.255.255.0.” The user also adds another logicalport to the logical switch LS2 by supplying (at 5409) a port identifier,“SP2,” and specifying that the port is to be connected to the logicalport RP2 of the logical router. The right half of the figure illustratesthe ports added to the logical router and logical switches.

FIGS. 55-62 conceptually illustrates an example operation of the controlapplication 5305. These figures illustrate a set of tables that thecontrol application 5305 uses and modifies in order to generate flowentries to be supplied to managed switching elements. Specifically, themanaged switching elements (not shown) implement the logical ports addedto the logical switches 5420 and 5430 and the logical router 5400 basedon the inputs described above by reference to FIG. 54. The figureillustrates the control application 5305, the virtualization application5310, and the physical controller 5330.

The control application 5305 as shown includes input translation 5505,input tables 5510, a rules engine 5515, output tables 5520, a exporter5525.

The input translation 5505, in some embodiments, interacts with amanagement tool with which a user can view and/or modify a logicalnetwork state. Different embodiments provide different management toolsto the user. For instance, the input translation 5505, in someembodiments, provides a graphical tool such as the UI 5405 describedabove by reference to FIG. 54. Instead of, or in conjunction with, agraphical tool, other embodiments may provide the user with acommand-line tool or any other type of management tool. The inputtranslation 5505 receives inputs from the user through the managementtool and processes the received inputs to create, populate and/or modifyone or more input tables 5510.

The input tables 5510 are similar to the input tables described in U.S.patent application Ser. No. 13/288,908, which is incorporated herein byreference. An input table in some cases represents the state of thelogical switches and the logical routers that the user is managing. Forinstance, an input table 5530 is a table that stores IP addresses inclassless inter-domain routing (CIDR) format, associated with logicalports of logical switches. The control application modifies input tableswith inputs that the control application receives through the managementtool or with any network events that the control application detects.After the control application 5305 modifies input tables, the controlapplication 5305 uses the rules engine 5515 to process the modifiedinput tables.

The rules engine 5515 of different embodiments performs differentcombinations of database operations on different sets of input tables topopulate and/or modify different sets of output tables 5520. Forinstance, the rules engine 5515 modifies a table 5535 to associate a MACaddress to a logical port of a logical router when the input table 5530is changed to indicate that the logical port of the logical router iscreated. The output table 5565 includes flow entries that specify theactions for the managed switching elements that implement the logicalswitches and logical routers to perform on the network data that isbeing routed/forwarded. In addition to the tables 5530-5560, the rulesengine 5515 may use other input tables, constants tables, and functionstables to facilitate the table mapping operation of the rules engine5515.

The output tables may also be used as input tables to the rules engine5515. That is, a change in the output tables may trigger another tablemapping operation to be performed by the rules engine 5515. Therefore,the entries in the tables 5530-5560 may be resulted from performingtable mapping operations and may also provide inputs to the rules engine5515 for another set of table mapping operations. As such, the inputtables and the output tables are depicted in a single dotted box in thisfigure to indicate the tables are input and/or output tables.

The table 5535 is for storing pairings of logical ports of logicalrouters and the associated MAC addresses. The table 5540 is a logicalrouting table for a logical router to use when routing the packets. Insome embodiments, the table 5540 will be sent to the managed switchingelement that implements the logical router. The table 5550 is forstoring next-hop identifiers and IP addresses for logical ports oflogical routers. The table 5555 is for storing connections betweenlogical ports of logical switches and logical ports of logical routers.The exporter 5525 publishes or sends the modified output tables in theoutput tables 5520 to a virtualization application 5310.

FIG. 55 illustrates the tables 5530-5565 before the stage 5406 describedabove by reference to FIG. 54. The entries in the tables are depicted asdots to indicate there are some existing entries in these tables.

FIG. 56 illustrates the tables 5530-5565 after the stage 5406. That is,this figure illustrates the tables 5530-5565 after the user supplies alogical port's identifier, “RP1,” an IP address of “1.1.1.253” toassociate with the port, and a net mask “255.255.255.0.” to add thelogical port to the logical router 5425, identified as “LR.” Here, thetable 5530 is updated with a new entry by the input translation 5505.The new entry (or row) 5601 indicates a logical port identified as “RP1”is added and the IP addresses associated with this port is specified bythe IP address 1.1.1.253, a prefix length 24, and the net mask255.255.255.0.

The rules engine 5515 detects this update to the table 5530 and performsa set of table mapping operations to update the tables 5535 and 5540.FIG. 57 illustrates the result of this set of table mapping operations.Specifically, this figure illustrates that the table 5535 has a new row5701, which indicates that the logical port RP1 is now associated with aMAC address 01:01:01:01:01:01. This MAC address is generated by therules engine 5515 while performing the table mapping operations usingother tables or functions (not shown).

FIG. 57 also illustrates that the table 5540 has a new row 5702, whichis an entry in the routing table for the logical router 5425. Thelogical router 5425 (the managed switching element that implements thelogical router 5425) will look up this table 5540 to make a routingdecision. The row 5702 specifies that the next hop for the logical portRP1 has a unique identifier “NH1.” The row 5702 also includes a priorityassigned to this row in the routing table. This priority is used fordetermining which row should be used to make a routing decision whenthere are multiple matching rows in the routing table. In someembodiments, the value for the priority for a row in an entry is prefixlength plus a basic priority value “BP.”

The rules engine 5515 detects the update to the table 5540 and performsa set of table mapping operations to update the table 5550. FIG. 58illustrates the result of this set of table mapping operations.Specifically, this figure illustrates that the table 5550 has a new row5801, which indicates that the IP address of the next hop for thelogical port RP1 of the logical router 5425 is a given packet'sdestination IP address. (“0” in this row means that the next hop's IP isthe destination of the given packet that would be routed through RP1 ofthe logical router.)

FIG. 59 illustrates the tables 5530-5560 after the stage 5407 describedabove by reference to FIG. 54. That is, this figure illustrates thetables 5530-5565 after the user supplies a logical port's identifier,“SP1,” to add the logical port to the logical switch 5420 (LS1) andlinks this port to the logical port RP1 of the logical router 5425.Here, the table 5555 is updated with two new rows by the inputtranslation 5505. The new row 5901 indicates that a logical portidentified as “SP1” (of the logical switch 5420) is attached to thelogical port RP1 (of the logical router 5425). Also, the new row 5902indicates that the logical port RP1 is attached to the logical port SP1.This link connects L2 processing and L3 processing portions of thelogical processing pipeline 200 described above.

The rules engine 5515 detects the updates to the table 5555 and performsa set of table mapping operations to update the table 5535. FIG. 60illustrates the result of this set of table mapping operations.Specifically, this figure illustrates that the table 5535 has a new row6001, which indicates that the logical port SP1 is now associated with aMAC address 01:01:01:01:01:01 because SP1 and RP1 are now linked.

The rules engine 5515 detects the updates to the table 5555 and performsa set of table mapping operations to update the table 5560. FIG. 61illustrates the result of this set of table mapping operations.Specifically, this figure illustrates that the table 5550 has four newrows (flow entries) 6101-6104. The row 6101 is a flow entry indicatingthat packets whose destination MAC addresses is 01:01:01:01:01:01 are tobe sent to the logical port SP 1 (of the logical switch 5420). The row6102 is a flow entry indicating that any packet delivered to the logicalport SP1 is to be sent to the logical port RP1. The row 6103 is a flowentry indicating that any packet delivered to the logical port RP1 is tobe sent to the logical port SP1. The row 6104 is a flow entry indicatingthat a packet with an IP address that falls within the range of IPaddresses specified by 1.1.1.253/24 should request for MAC address byasking an L3 daemon.

FIG. 62 illustrates new rows 6201-6209 added to some of the tables afterstages 5408 and 5409 described above. For simplicity of description, theintermediate illustration of table updates by the rules engine 5515 isomitted.

The new row 6201 indicates a logical port identified as “RP2” is addedand the IP addresses associated with this port is specified by the IPaddress 1.1.2.253, a prefix length 24, and the net mask 255.255.255.0.The new row 6202, which indicates that the logical port RP2 is nowassociated with a MAC address 01:01:01:01:01:02. The new row 6203, whichindicates that the logical port SP2 is associated with a MAC address01:01:01:01:01:02. The new row 6204, which is an entry in the routingtable for the logical router 5430. The row 6204 specifies that the nexthop for the logical port RP2 has a unique identifier “NH2.” The row 6204also includes a priority assigned to this row in the routing table.

The new row 6205 indicates that the IP address of the next hop for thelogical port RP2 of the logical router 5425 is a given packet'sdestination IP address. The new row 6206 indicates that a logical portidentified as “SP2” (of the logical switch 5430) is attached to thelogical port RP2 (of the logical router 5425). Also, the new row 6207indicates that the logical port RP2 is attached to the logical port SP2.

The row 6208 is a flow entry indicating that packets whose destinationMAC addresses is 01:01:01:01:01:02 are to be sent to the logical portSP2 (of the logical switch 5430). The row 6209 is a flow entryindicating that any packet delivered to the logical port SP2 is to besent to the logical port RP2. The row 6210 is a flow entry indicatingthat any packet delivered to the logical port RP2 is to be sent to thelogical port SP2. The row 6211 is a flow entry indicating that a packetwith an IP address that falls within the range of IP addresses specifiedby 1.1.2.253/24 should request for MAC address by asking an L3 daemon.

These flow entries shown in FIG. 62 are LFP data. This LFP data will besent to the virtualization application 5310, which will generate UPCPdata from the LFP data. Then, the UPCP data will be sent to the physicalcontroller 5330 which will customize the UPCP data for the managedswitching element 5325 (not shown in FIG. 62). Finally, the physicalcontroller 5330 will send the CPCP data to the managed switching element5325.

FIG. 63 illustrates the architecture 5400 after the control application5305 generates logical data by performing the table mapping operationsas described above by reference to FIGS. 55-62. As shown in FIG. 63, theports RP1 and RP2 are associated with ranges of IP addresses specifiedby 1.1.1.253/24 and 1.1.2.253/24, respectively. Also, the ports SP1 andSP2 are associated with MAC addresses 01:01:01:01:01:01 and01:01:01:01:01:02, respectively. This figure also illustrates VM 1 thatis coupled to the logical switch 5420 and VM 2 that is coupled to thelogical switch 5430.

An example operation of the logical switches 5420 and 5430, the logicalrouter 5425, and VMs 1 and 2 will now be described. This example assumesthat a set of managed switching elements that implement the logicalrouter 5425 and the logical switches 5420 and 5430 have all the flowentries 6101-6104 and 6208-6211. This example also assumes that thelogical data produced by the control application 5305 are converted tophysical control plane data by the virtualization application 5310 andthat the physical control plane data is received by the managedswitching elements and converted into physical forwarding data.

When VM 1 intends to send a packet to VM 4, VM 1 first broadcasts an ARPrequest to resolve the logical router 5425's MAC address. This ARPpacket has a source IP address of VM 1, which is 1.1.1.10 in thisexample, and a destination IP address of VM 4, which is 1.1.2.10 in thisexample. This broadcast packet has the broadcast MAC address“ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff” as the destination MAC address and the packet'starget protocol address is 1.1.1.253. This broadcast packet (the ARPrequest) is replicated to all ports of the logical switch 5320 includingthe logical port SP1. Then, based on flow entry 6102, this packet issent to RP1 of the logical router 5325. The packet is then sent to an L3daemon (not shown) according to the flow entry 6104 because thedestination IP address 1.1.2.10 falls in the range of IP addressesspecified by 1.1.2.253/24 (i.e., because the target protocol address is1.1.1.253). The L3 daemon resolves the destination IP address to a MACaddress 01:01:01:01:01:01, which is the MAC address of RP1. The L3daemon sends the ARP response with this MAC address back to VM 1.

VM 1 then sends a packet to VM 4. This packet has VM 1's MAC address asthe source MAC address, RP1's MAC address (01:01:01:01:01:01) as adestination MAC address, VM 1's IP address (1.1.1.10) as the source IPaddress, and VM 4's IP address (1.1.2.10) as the destination IP address.

The logical switch 5420 then forwards this packet to SP1 according tothe flow entry 6101 which indicates that a packet with the destinationMAC address of 01:01:01:01:01:01 is to be sent to SP1. When the packetreaches SP1, the packet is then send to RP1 according to the flow entry6102, which indicates that any packet delivered to SP1 to be sent toRP1.

This packet is then sent to the ingress ACL stage of the logical router5425, which in this example allows the packet to go through RP1. Thenthe logical router 5425 routes the packet to the next hop, NH2,according to the entry 6204. This routing decision is then loaded to aregister (of the managed switching element that implements the logicalrouter 5425). This packet is then fed into the next hop lookup process,which uses the next hop's ID, NH2, to determine the next-hop IP addressand the port the packet should be sent to. In this example, the next hopis determined based on the row 6205 which indicates that NH2's addressis the destination IP address of the packet and the port the packetshould be sent to is RP2.

The packet then is fed into a MAC resolution process to resolve thedestination IP address (1.1.2.10) to MAC address of VM 4. The L3 daemonresolves the MAC address and puts back a new flow entry (e.g., byfilling in a flow template with the resolved MAC address) into themanaged switching element that implements the logical router 5425.According to this new flow, the packet now has VM 4's MAC address as thedestination MAC address and the MAC address of RP2 (01:01:01:01:01:02)of the logical router 5425.

The packet then goes through the egress ACL stage of the logical router5425, which in this example allows the packet to exit through RP2. Thepacket is then sent to SP2 according to the flow entry 6210, whichindicates that any packet delivered to RP2 is to be sent to SP2. Thenthe L2processing for the logical switch 5330 will send the packet to VM4.

IX. Modification to Managed Edge Switching Element Implementation

While all the LDPS processing is pushed to the managed edge switchingelements, only the interfaces to actual attached physical portintegration address interoperability issues in some embodiments. Theseinterfaces, in some embodiments, implement the standard L2/L3 interfacefor the host IP/Ethernet stack. The interfaces between the logicalswitches and logical routers remain internal to the virtualizationapplication, and hence do not need to implement exactly the sameprotocols as today's routers to exchange information.

The virtualization application, in some embodiments, has theresponsibility to respond to the ARP requests sent to the first-hoprouter's IP address. Since the logical router's MAC/IP address bindingsare static, this introduces no scaling issues. The last-hop logicalrouter, in some embodiments, does not have a similar, strictrequirement: as long as the MAC and IP address(es) of the attached portare made known to the virtualization application, it can publish them tothe internal lookup service not exposed for the endpoints but only usedby the logical pipeline execution. There is no absolute need to send ARPrequests to the attached port.

Some embodiments implement the required L3 functionality as an externaldaemon running next to the Open vSwitch. In some embodiments, the daemonis responsible for the following operations:

-   -   Responding to ARP requests. In some embodiments, Open vSwitch        feeds ARP requests to the daemon and the daemon creates a        response. Alternatively, some embodiments use flow templating to        create additional flow entries in the managed edge switching        elements. Flow templating is the use of a set of rules to        generate a series of flow entries dynamically based on packets        received. In some such embodiments, the responses are handled by        the Open vSwitch itself.    -   Establishing any stateful (NAT, ACL, load-balancing) per-flow        state. Again, if the flow templating is flexible enough, more        can be moved for the Open vSwitch to handle.    -   Initiating the distributed lookups. Distributed lookups (e.g.,        ARP, learning) are initiated to the mapping service as necessary        when feeding traffic through its sequence of logical pipelines.        This will involve queuing of IP packets in some embodiments.

For generating ARP requests when integrating with external physicalnetworks, some embodiments assume that the packet can be dropped to thelocal IP stack by using the LOCAL output port of OpenFlow.

Mapping service itself is implemented, in some embodiments, by relyingon the datapath functionality of the Open vSwitch: daemons at themanaged edge switching elements publish the MAC and IP address bindingsby sending a special ‘publish’ packet to the mapping service nodes,which will then create flow entries using the flow templating. The‘query’ packets from the managed edge switching elements will be thenresponded to by these FIB entries, which will send the packet to thespecial IN_PORT after modifying the query packet enough to become aresponse packet.

X. Logical Switching Environment

Several embodiments described above and below provide network controlsystems that completely separate the logical forwarding space (i.e., thelogical control and forwarding planes) from the physical forwardingspace (i.e., the physical control and forwarding planes). These controlsystems achieve such a separation by using a mapping engine to map thelogical forwarding space data to the physical forwarding space data. Bycompletely decoupling the logical space from the physical space, thecontrol systems of these embodiments allow the logical view of thelogical forwarding elements to remain unchanged while changes are madeto the physical forwarding space (e.g., virtual machines are migrated,physical switches or routers are added, etc.).

More specifically, the control system of some embodiments managesnetworks over which machines (e.g. virtual machines) belonging toseveral different users (i.e., several different users in a private orpublic hosted environment with multiple hosted computers and managedforwarding elements that are shared by multiple different related orunrelated users) may exchange data packets for separate LDP sets. Thatis, machines belonging to a particular user may exchange data with othermachines belonging to the same user over a LDPS for that user, whilemachines belonging to a different user exchange data with each otherover a different LDPS implemented on the same physical managed network.In some embodiments, a LDPS (also referred to as a logical forwardingelement (e.g., logical switch, logical router), or logical network insome cases) is a logical construct that provides switching fabric tointerconnect several logical ports, to which a particular user'smachines (physical or virtual) may attach.

In some embodiments, the creation and use of such LDP sets and logicalports provides a logical service model that to an untrained eye may seemsimilar to the use of a virtual local area network (VLAN). However,various significant distinctions from the VLAN service model forsegmenting a network exist. In the logical service model describedherein, the physical network can change without having any effect on theuser's logical view of the network (e.g., the addition of a managedswitching element, or the movement of a VM from one location to anotherdoes not affect the user's view of the logical forwarding element). Oneof ordinary skill in the art will recognize that all of the distinctionsdescribed below may not apply to a particular managed network. Somemanaged networks may include all of the features described in thissection, while other managed networks will include different subsets ofthese features.

In order for the managed forwarding elements within the managed networkof some embodiments to identify the LDPS to which a packet belongs, thenetwork controller clusters automatedly generate flow entries for thephysical managed forwarding elements according to user input definingthe LDP sets. When packets from a machine on a particular LDPS are sentonto the managed network, the managed forwarding elements use these flowentries to identify the logical context of the packet (i.e., the LDPS towhich the packet belongs as well as the logical port towards which thepacket is headed) and forward the packet according to the logicalcontext.

In some embodiments, a packet leaves its source machine (and the networkinterface of its source machine) without any sort of logical context ID.Instead, the packet only contains the addresses of the source anddestination machine (e.g., MAC addresses, IP addresses, etc.). All ofthe logical context information is both added and removed at the managedforwarding elements of the network. When a first managed forwardingelement receives a packet directly from a source machine, the forwardingelement uses information in the packet, as well as the physical port atwhich it received the packet, to identify the logical context of thepacket and append this information to the packet. Similarly, the lastmanaged forwarding element before the destination machine removes thelogical context before forwarding the packet to its destination. Inaddition, the logical context appended to the packet may be modified byintermediate managed forwarding elements along the way in someembodiments. As such, the end machines (and the network interfaces ofthe end machines) need not be aware of the logical network over whichthe packet is sent. As a result, the end machines and their networkinterfaces do not need to be configured to adapt to the logical network.Instead, the network controllers configure only the managed forwardingelements. In addition, because the majority of the forwarding processingis performed at the edge forwarding elements, the overall forwardingresources for the network will scale automatically as more machines areadded (because each physical edge forwarding element can only have somany machines attached).

In the logical context appended (e.g., prepended) to the packet, someembodiments only include the logical egress port. That is, the logicalcontext that encapsulates the packet does not include an explicit userID. Instead, the logical context captures a logical forwarding decisionmade at the first hop (i.e., a decision as to the destination logicalport). From this, the user ID (i.e., the LDPS to which the packetbelongs) can be determined implicitly at later forwarding elements byexamining the logical egress port (as that logical egress port is partof a particular LDPS). This results in a flat context identifier,meaning that the managed forwarding element does not have to slice thecontext ID to determine multiple pieces of information within the ID.

In some embodiments, the egress port is a 32-bit ID. However, the use ofsoftware forwarding elements for the managed forwarding elements thatprocess the logical contexts in some embodiments enables the system tobe modified at any time to change the size of the logical context (e.g.,to 64 bits or more), whereas hardware forwarding elements tend to bemore constrained to using a particular number of bits for a contextidentifier. In addition, using a logical context identifier such asdescribed herein results in an explicit separation between logical data(i.e., the egress context ID) and source/destination address data (i.e.,MAC addresses). While the source and destination addresses are mapped tothe logical ingress and egress ports, the information is storedseparately within the packet. Thus, at managed switching elements withina network, packets can be forwarded based entirely on the logical data(i.e., the logical egress information) that encapsulates the packet,without any additional lookup over physical address information.

In some embodiments, the packet processing within a managed forwardingelement involves repeatedly sending packets to a dispatch port,effectively resubmitting the packet back into the switching element. Insome embodiments, using software switching elements provides the abilityto perform such resubmissions of packets. Whereas hardware forwardingelements generally involve a fixed pipeline (due, in part, to the use ofan ASIC to perform the processing), software forwarding elements of someembodiments can extend a packet processing pipeline as long asnecessary, as there is not much of a delay from performing theresubmissions.

In addition, some embodiments enable optimization of the multiplelookups for subsequent packets within a single set of related packets(e.g., a single TCP/UDP flow). When the first packet arrives, themanaged forwarding element performs all of the lookups and resubmits inorder to fully process the packet. The forwarding element then cachesthe end result of the decision (e.g., the addition of an egress contextto the packet, and the next-hop forwarding decision out a particularport of the forwarding element over a particular tunnel) along with aunique identifier for the packet that will be shared with all otherrelated packets (i.e., a unique identifier for the TCP/UDP flow). Someembodiments push this cached result into the kernel of the forwardingelement for additional optimization. For additional packets that sharethe unique identifier (i.e., additional packets within the same flow),the forwarding element can use the single cached lookup that specifiesall of the actions to perform on the packet. Once the flow of packets iscomplete (e.g., after a particular amount of time with no packetsmatching the identifier), in some embodiments the forwarding elementflushes the cache. This use of multiple lookups, in some embodiments,involves mapping packets from a physical space (e.g., MAC addresses atphysical ports) into a logical space (e.g., a logical forwardingdecision to a logical port of a logical switch) and then back into aphysical space (e.g., mapping the logical egress context to a physicaloutport of the switching element).

Such logical networks, that use encapsulation to provide an explicitseparation of physical and logical addresses, provide significantadvantages over other approaches to network virtualization, such asVLANs. For example, tagging techniques (e.g., VLAN) use a tag placed onthe packet to segment forwarding tables to only apply rules associatedwith the tag to a packet. This only segments an existing address space,rather than introducing a new space. As a result, because the addressesare used for entities in both the virtual and physical realms, they haveto be exposed to the physical forwarding tables. As such, the propertyof aggregation that comes from hierarchical address mapping cannot beexploited. In addition, because no new address space is introduced withtagging, all of the virtual contexts must use identical addressingmodels and the virtual address space is limited to being the same as thephysical address space. A further shortcoming of tagging techniques isthe inability to take advantage of mobility through address remapping.

XI. Electronic System

FIG. 64 conceptually illustrates an electronic system 6400 with whichsome embodiments of the invention are implemented. The electronic system6400 can be used to execute any of the control, virtualization, oroperating system applications described above. The electronic system6400 may be a computer (e.g., a desktop computer, personal computer,tablet computer, server computer, mainframe, a blade computer etc.),phone, PDA, or any other sort of electronic device. Such an electronicsystem includes various types of computer readable media and interfacesfor various other types of computer readable media. Electronic system6400 includes a bus 6405, processing unit(s) 6410, a system memory 6425,a read-only memory 6430, a permanent storage device 6435, input devices6440, and output devices 6445.

The bus 6405 collectively represents all system, peripheral, and chipsetbuses that communicatively connect the numerous internal devices of theelectronic system 6400. For instance, the bus 6405 communicativelyconnects the processing unit(s) 6410 with the read-only memory 6430, thesystem memory 6425, and the permanent storage device 6435.

From these various memory units, the processing unit(s) 6410 retrieveinstructions to execute and data to process in order to execute theprocesses of the invention. The processing unit(s) may be a singleprocessor or a multi-core processor in different embodiments.

The read-only-memory (ROM) 6430 stores static data and instructions thatare needed by the processing unit(s) 6410 and other modules of theelectronic system. The permanent storage device 6435, on the other hand,is a read-and-write memory device. This device is a non-volatile memoryunit that stores instructions and data even when the electronic system6400 is off. Some embodiments of the invention use a mass-storage device(such as a magnetic or optical disk and its corresponding disk drive) asthe permanent storage device 6435.

Other embodiments use a removable storage device (such as a floppy disk,flash drive, etc.) as the permanent storage device. Like the permanentstorage device 6435, the system memory 6425 is a read-and-write memorydevice. However, unlike storage device 6435, the system memory is avolatile read-and-write memory, such a random access memory. The systemmemory stores some of the instructions and data that the processor needsat runtime. In some embodiments, the invention's processes are stored inthe system memory 6425, the permanent storage device 6435, and/or theread-only memory 6430. From these various memory units, the processingunit(s) 6410 retrieve instructions to execute and data to process inorder to execute the processes of some embodiments.

The bus 6405 also connects to the input and output devices 6440 and6445. The input devices enable the user to communicate information andselect commands to the electronic system. The input devices 6440 includealphanumeric keyboards and pointing devices (also called “cursor controldevices”). The output devices 6445 display images generated by theelectronic system. The output devices include printers and displaydevices, such as cathode ray tubes (CRT) or liquid crystal displays(LCD). Some embodiments include devices such as a touchscreen thatfunction as both input and output devices.

Finally, as shown in FIG. 64, bus 6405 also couples electronic system6400 to a network 6465 through a network adapter (not shown). In thismanner, the computer can be a part of a network of computers (such as alocal area network (“LAN”), a wide area network (“WAN”), or an Intranet,or a network of networks, such as the Internet. Any or all components ofelectronic system 6400 may be used in conjunction with the invention.

Some embodiments include electronic components, such as microprocessors,storage and memory that store computer program instructions in amachine-readable or computer-readable medium (alternatively referred toas computer-readable storage media, machine-readable media, ormachine-readable storage media). Some examples of such computer-readablemedia include RAM, ROM, read-only compact discs (CD-ROM), recordablecompact discs (CD-R), rewritable compact discs (CD-RW), read-onlydigital versatile discs (e.g., DVD-ROM, dual-layer DVD-ROM), a varietyof recordable/rewritable DVDs (e.g., DVD-RAM, DVD-RW, DVD+RW, etc.),flash memory (e.g., SD cards, mini-SD cards, micro-SD cards, etc.),magnetic and/or solid state hard drives, read-only and recordableBlu-Ray® discs, ultra density optical discs, any other optical ormagnetic media, and floppy disks. The computer-readable media may storea computer program that is executable by at least one processing unitand includes sets of instructions for performing various operations.Examples of computer programs or computer code include machine code,such as is produced by a compiler, and files including higher-level codethat are executed by a computer, an electronic component, or amicroprocessor using an interpreter.

While the above discussion primarily refers to microprocessor ormulti-core processors that execute software, some embodiments areperformed by one or more integrated circuits, such as applicationspecific integrated circuits (ASICs) or field programmable gate arrays(FPGAs). In some embodiments, such integrated circuits executeinstructions that are stored on the circuit itself.

As used in this specification, the terms “computer”, “server”,“processor”, and “memory” all refer to electronic or other technologicaldevices. These terms exclude people or groups of people. For thepurposes of the specification, the terms display or displaying meansdisplaying on an electronic device. As used in this specification, theterms “computer readable medium,” “computer readable media,” and“machine readable medium” are entirely restricted to tangible, physicalobjects that store information in a form that is readable by a computer.These terms exclude any wireless signals, wired download signals, andany other ephemeral signals.

While the invention has been described with reference to numerousspecific details, one of ordinary skill in the art will recognize thatthe invention can be embodied in other specific forms without departingfrom the spirit of the invention. In addition, a number of the figures(including FIGS. 14, 16, 32, 35, 49, 51, and 52) conceptually illustrateprocesses. The specific operations of these processes may not beperformed in the exact order shown and described. The specificoperations may not be performed in one continuous series of operations,and different specific operations may be performed in differentembodiments. Furthermore, the process could be implemented using severalsub-processes, or as part of a larger macro process. Thus, one ofordinary skill in the art would understand that the invention is not tobe limited by the foregoing illustrative details, but rather is to bedefined by the appended claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A non-transitory machine readable medium forstoring a program for configuring a plurality of managed forwardingelements (MFEs) to perform logical L2 switching and L3 routing, theprogram comprising sets of instructions for: generating a first set ofdata records for configuring a first MFE to install a first set of flowentries implementing a first logical switching element, a logicalrouting element, and a second logical switching element, the first setof flow entries applied by the first MFE to implement (i) logical L2processing for the first logical switching element, logical L3 routingfor the logical routing element, and logical L2 ingress processing forthe second logical switching element on packets sent by a first machinethat operates on a same first physical host machine as the first MFE and(ii) logical L2 egress processing for the first logical switchingelement on packets sent to the first machine; and generating a secondset of data records for configuring a second MFE to install a second setof flow entries implementing the first logical switching element, thelogical routing element, and the second logical switching element, thesecond set of flow entries applied by the second MFE to implement (i)logical L2 processing for the second logical switching element, logicalL3 routing for the logical routing element, and logical L2 ingressprocessing for the first logical switching element on packets sent by asecond machine that operates on a same second physical host machine asthe second MFE and (ii) logical L2 egress processing for the secondlogical switching element on packets sent to the second machine.
 2. Themachine readable medium of claim 1, wherein the program furthercomprises a set of instructions for configuring the first and secondmanaged forwarding elements to create a tunnel for sending packets toeach other.
 3. The machine readable medium of claim 2, wherein the setof instructions for configuring the first and second MFEs to create thetunnel comprises a set of instructions for generating a third set ofdata records for configuring the first MFE to install a third set offlow entries directing the first MFE to send packets with a destinationaddress corresponding to the second machine to the second MFE via thetunnel.
 4. The machine readable medium of claim 1, wherein the first setof flow entries are applied by the first managed forwarding element toperform logical L2 ingress access control list (ACL) operations as partof the logical L2 processing for the first logical switching element onpackets sent by the first machine.
 5. The machine readable medium ofclaim 1, wherein the second set of flow entries are applied by thesecond managed forwarding element to perform logical L2 egress accesscontrol list (ACL) operations as part of the logical L2 egressprocessing for the second logical switching element on packets sent tothe second machine.
 6. The machine readable medium of claim 1, whereinthe first logical switching element couples to a first set of machinesincluding the first machine and excluding the second machine, the secondlogical switching element couples to a second set of machines includingthe second machine and excluding the first machine, and the logicalrouting element couples to the first and second logical switchingelements.
 7. An electronic device operating as a network controllerinstance, the electronic device comprising: a set of processing unitsfor executing sets of instructions; and a non-transitory machinereadable medium for storing a program which when executed by at leastone of the processing units configures a plurality of managed forwardingelements (MFEs) to perform logical L2 switching and L3 routing, theprogram comprising sets of instructions for: generating a first set ofdata records for configuring a first MFE to install a first set of flowentries implementing a first logical switching element, a logicalrouting element, and a second logical switching element, the first setof flow entries applied by the first MFE to implement (i), logical L2processing for the first logical switching element, logical L3 routingfor the logical routing element, and logical L2 ingress processing forthe second logical switching element on packets sent by a first machinethat operates on a same first physical host machine as the first MFE and(ii) logical L2 egress processing for the first logical switchingelement on packets sent to the first machine; and generating a secondset of for configuring a second to install a second set of flow entriesimplementing the first logical switching element, the logical routingelement, and the second logical switching element, the second set offlow entries applied by the first MFE to implement (i) logical L2processing for the second logical switching element, logical L3 routingfor the logical routing element, and logical L2 ingress processing forthe first logical switching element on packets sent by a second machinethat operates on a same second physical host machine as the second MFEand (ii) logical L2 egress processing for the second logical switchingelement on packets sent to the second machine.
 8. The electronic deviceof claim 7, wherein the program further comprises a set of instructionsfor configuring the first and second managed forwarding elements toestablish a tunnel for sending packets to each other.
 9. The electronicdevice of claim 7, wherein the logical L2 processing for a particularlogical switching element comprises logical L2 ingress and egress accesscontrol list (ACL) operations.
 10. The electronic device of claim 7,wherein the first logical switching element couples to a first set ofmachines including the first machine and excluding the second machine,the second logical switching element couples to a second set of machinesincluding the second machine and excluding the first machine, and thelogical routing element couples to the first and second logicalswitching elements.
 11. A method for configuring a plurality of managedforwarding elements (MFEs) to perform logical L2 switching and L3routing, the method comprising: generating a first set of data recordsfor configuring a first MFE to install a first set of flow entriesimplementing a first logical switching element, a logical routingelement, and a second logical switching element, the first set of flowentries applied by the first MFE to implement (i) logical L2 processingfor the first logical switching element logical L3 routing for thelogical routing element and logical L2 ingress processing for the secondlogical switching element on packets sent by a first machine thatoperates on a same first physical host machine as the first MFE and (ii)logical L2 egress processing for the first logical switching element onpackets sent to the first machine; and generating a second set of datarecords for configuring a second MFE to install a second set of flowentries implementing the first logical switching element, the logicalrouting element, and the second logical switching element, the secondset of flow entries applied by the first MFE to implement (i) logical L2processing for the second logical switching element, logical L3 routingfor the logical routing element, and logical L2 ingress processing forthe first logical switching element on packets sent by a second machinethat operates on a same second physical host machine as the second MFEand (ii) logical L2 egress processing for the second logical switchingelement on packets sent to the second machine.
 12. The method of claim11 further configuring the first and second managed forwarding elementsto create a tunnel for sending packets to each other.
 13. The method ofclaim 12, wherein configuring the first and second MFEs to create thetunnel comprises generating a third set of data records for configuringthe first MFE to install a third set of flow entries directing the firstMFE to send packets with a destination address corresponding to thesecond machine to the second MFE via the tunnel.
 14. The method of claim11, wherein the first set of flow entries are applied by the firstmanaged forwarding element to perform logical L2 ingress access controllist (ACL) operations as part of the logical L2 processing for the firstlogical switching element on packets sent by the first machine.
 15. Themethod of claim 11, wherein the second set of flow entries are appliedby the second managed forwarding element to perform logical L2 egressaccess control list (ACL) operations as part of the logical L2 egressprocessing for the second logical switching element on packets sent tothe second machine.
 16. The method of claim 11, wherein the firstlogical switching element couples to a first set of machines includingthe first machine and excluding the second machine, the second logicalswitching element couples to a second set of machines including thesecond machine and excluding the first machine, and the logical routingelement couples to the first and second logical switching elements. 17.The method of claim 11, wherein the logical L2 processing for the firstlogical switching element performed by the first MFE for a particularpacket sent by the first machine comprises ingress processing, logicalswitching based on a destination MAC address of the particular packet,and logical egress processing.
 18. The method of claim 17, wherein thelogical switching identifies a logical egress port of the first logicalswitching element for the particular packet, the logical egress portcorresponding to the logical routing element.
 19. The method of claim11, wherein the logical L3 routing for the logical routing elementperformed by the first MFE for a particular packet sent by the firstmachine comprises identifying a logical egress port of the logicalrouting element based on a destination IP address of the particularpacket.
 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the logical egress portcorresponds to the second logical switching element.